G. Iulius Scaurus S. P. D.
Salvete, Quirites.
I would like to discuss with you the commercial responsibilities of
the Aedles Curules.
The Aediles Curules have a constitutional responsibility to ensure
that fair business practices prevail in the Macellum and the Ordo
Equester.
I shall follow the historical example of Roman law: if anyone shall
have a complaint, let it be brought openly to the Aediles Curules.
If the matter involves a violation of Nova Roman law, the complaint
will be referred to the praetores.
If the matter contains no violation of law, the Aediles Curules will
exercise their imperium to resolve the dispute. Historically, such
resolutions often took the form of binding arbitration. I have
drafted an edictum which I shall issue, if elected, which combines
features of Roman law and recommendations of the International
Arbitration Association to provide a fair and equitable means for
resolving commercial disputes. Since the text is long, you will find
it below.
I shall work to attract more merchants to participate in the Macellum,
offering our citizens a wider variety of goods and increasing the
republic's revenues.
I welcome any question from any citizens either directly to the main
list or privately to
gfr@....
May the Di Immortales rightly quide us in all things.
Valete.
G. Iulius Scaurus
Candidate for Aedilis Curulis
TEXT OF PROPOSED EDICTUM DE INTERDICTO RESTITUTORIO PER FORMULAM
ARBITRARIAM
I. Arbitration for Commercial Disputes
A. Aedilician Jurisdiction
1. Whereas the Constitution of Nova Roma, IV.A.4.e, endows the
Aediles Cururles with the power and obligation "to maintain the venues
where the Ordo Equester are engaged in commerce, within Nova Roma
property," the Aediles Curules assume jurisdiction over commercial
disputes arising from transactions between Nova Roman citizens and
peregrines on Nova Roman property, at Nova Roman events, or through
the Macellum;
2. Whereas the Constitution of Nova Roma, IV.A.4.b, endows the
Aediles Curules with the power and obligation "to administer the law,"
the jurisdiction of the Aediles Curules over commercial disputes as
specified in I.A.1 of this edictum shall include the establishment of
tribunals to arbitrate such disputes and the issuance of interdicta
restitutoria per formulam arbitrariam to resolve them.
3. Whereas the Constitution of Nova Roma, IV.A.4.a, empowers and
obliges the Aediles Curules "to hold imperium," the procedures of
arbitration specified in this edictum shall have the force of law and
default or defiance thereof shall constitute obstruction of justice.
B. Requirement of Arbitration Agreement.
1. The actor of an arbitration must execute an agreement to accept
binding arbitration and submit it at the time of the request for
arbitration.
2. The reus of an arbitration must execute an agreement to accept
binding arbitration and submit it at the time of the reply to the
request for arbitration.
3. The text of the agreement to accept binding arbitration is found
in Appendix I of this edictum.
C. Definition of Terms
1. Arbitration. Arbitration is a form of interdictum restitutorium
per formulam arbitrariam. It consists of a binding agreement between
parties to place their commercial dispute before an Aedilis Curulis
for resolution by a tribunal of arbitri appointed by the presiding
Aedilis Curulis and to abide by that resolution permanently and
entirely.
a. Arbitration is a form of interdictum restitutorium because its
determination forbids the illicit transfer of possession of something
of value from one party to another, voiding the commercial
transaction, and restoring the status quo ante the dispute,
compensating by award such parties as may have been injured by the
status quo post.
b. Arbitration is per formulam arbitrariam since it entails
determination by a tribunal of arbitri rather than a quaestio of
iudices, requires no sponsio, and its determination does not result in
criminal sanction.
2. Criminal sanction may arise from default or obstruction of
justice in the arbitration process.
3. Presiding Aedilis Curulis. The presiding Aedilis Curulis is the
Aedilis Curulis to whom the instant request for arbitration has been
presented; the presiding Aedilis Curulis must cede the right to
preside to his Aedilician colleague in the event of a demonstrated
conflict of interest involving himself and the parties when either
Aedilis Curulis judges that such a conflict exists.
4. Party
a. A party is a person or group of persons who have a dispute with
another person or persons over a single commercial transaction.
(i.) A single commercial transaction may involve multiple objects
or purchases possession of which is taken at the same time.
b. Only citizens of Nova Roma, members of the Ordo Equester,
vendors on Nova Roman property, at Nova Roman events, or through the
Macellum, and peregrines who have executed an agreement to binding
abritration (Appendix I of this edictum) may be a party to a request
for arbitration or reply to a request for arbitration.
(i.) An actor may refuse to execute an greement to binding
arbitration, but in such cases the presiding Aedilis Curulis shall
refuse the request for arbitration with prejudice.
(ii.) A member of the Ordo Equester may refuse to execute an
agreement to binding arbitration. However, on such refusal the
presiding Aedilis Curulis shall notify the Censores and request entry
of a nota indicating the refusal. Such a refusal shall result in
termination of the arbitration process.
(iii.) A vendor on the Macellum may refuse to execute an
agreement to binding arbitration, but the presiding Aedilis Curulis
shall require the Curator Araneum to post a report of the refusal in
connection with the vendor's advertisement in the Macellum
permanently. Such a refusal shall result in termination of the
arbitration process.
(iv.) A vendor on Nova Roman property or at Nova Roman events may
refuse to execute an agreement to binding arbitration and shall be
refused permission to vend at the above specified venues. Such a
refusal shall result in termination of the arbitration process.
(v.) Execution of an agreement to binding arbitration does not
preclude pursuit of praetorian and/or macronational remedies for
offences specified in I.E of this edictum.
c. The party who submits the request for arbitration is the actor;
d. The party against whom the claim is lodged in the request for
arbitration is the reus.
5. Arbiter. An arbiter is a fair and impartial determiner of fact,
appointed by the presiding Aedilis in accordance with III.A and B and
IV.A of this edictum. No person shall be an arbiter who is not
assiduus at the time of appointment and through the final
determination of the arbitration.
6. Tribunal. A Tribunal is a panel of three arbitri who shall hear
evidence and make a final determination of the arbitration by majority
vote.
7. Pignus.
a. The pignus is a surety provided by each party. The pignus may
consist of the disputed property or a sum of money equal to the value
of the requested award.
b. The award shall be paid from the pignus.
c. In extraordinary circumstances in the interest of justice and
with the concurrence of both the presiding Aedilis Curulis and his
aedilician colleague, the requirement of a pignus may be waived by the
presiding Aedilis Curulis.
d. The pignus of each party shall be safeguarded by the quaestor
of the presiding Aedilis Curulis.
e. In the event of termination of the arbitration by the presiding
Aedilis Curulis for any reason except default, pignus of each party
shall be returned to each party.
f. In the event of default the pignus of the defaulting party
shall be given to the non-defaulting party and the non-defaulting
party's pignus returned.
D. Confidentiality.
1. All arbitrations, excepting the deliberation of the arbitri,
shall be a matter of public record.
2. Parties to the arbitration and their witnesses, and the arbitri
must waive their right to confidentiality under the Leges Cornelia et
Vedia de Privatus Rebus.
3. The presiding Aedilis Curulis shall ensure that a permanent
record is kept of all official correspondence pertaining to
arbitrations and that a record of hearing and determination is
prepared and issued at his direction.
E. Default Praetorian and Macronational Jurisdiction. Any request
for arbitration which alleges a Nova Roman or macronational criminal
offence shall be rejected by the presiding Aedilis Curulis and
referred by default to praetorian jurisdiction and macronational
authorities for appropriate action. The presiding Aedilis Curulis
shall also inform the Consules of such referral in timely fashion and,
through them, the Senate.
II. Communications, Time Periods, Prohibited Dates, and Place of
Arbitration
A. Methods of communication. Surface mail, mail, telefax, and
telephonic conference are permitted methods of communication except as
indicated below. Hearings shall be conducted by email, telephonic
conference, or physical meeting. The means of communication not
specified below for procedures shall be determined from the above list
by the presiding Aedilis Curulis.
B. Time period. A nundinum shall be reckoned as a period of eight
days inclusive.
C. Prohibited Dates. No business pertaining to arbitration shall be
conducted on a dies nefastus. If business pertaining to arbitration
is accidentally conducted on a dies nefastus, the business must be
conducted anew and an expiation performed as recommended by the
Collegium Pontificum.
D. Place of Arbitration. The electronic or physical venue of
dearing and deliberation shall be determined by the presiding Aedilis
Curulis after consultation with the parties and their advocati.
III. Procedures for Filing for Arbitration
A. Request for Arbitration
1. Any party, as defined in I.C.4 above, to a commercial
transaction may file a request for arbitration by written
communication to the presiding Aedilis Curulis. The requesting party
shall be termed the actor. Such a request must contain the following
information:
a. Names, addresses, email, telephone and/or telefax of all
parties and witnesses;
b. Designation of the actor's advocatus, if any;
c. A brief description of nature and circumstances of the
dispute and the actor's claim;
d. A brief statement of relief sought and amount, if any,
claimed;
e. A signed agreement to accept binding arbitration; the
signed agreement must be sent by post to tthe presiding Aedilis
Curulis (the form of the agreement must be that found in Appendix I of
this edictum);
f. Names, addresses, email, telephone and/or telefax of two
arbitri proposed by the actor.
g. A check or international money order in the amount of
the pignus, if required; the financial instrument for the pignus must
be sent by post to tthe presiding Aedilis Curulis;
h. The oath of the actor in Appendix II of this edictum.
2. The presiding Aedilis Curulis shall acknowledge in writing
receipt of
the request for arbitration from the actor;
3. The aedilis shall forward a full copy of the request for
arbirtration to the reus within one nundinum of original receipt of
the request.
4. If any of the material required in III.A.1 is absent from the
request for arbitration, the request shall be dismissed without
prejudice. Five copies of all the material required in III.A.1 shall
be submitted at the time of request.
5. The presiding Aedilis Curulis may refuse to accept a request for
arbitration on grounds of jurisdictional incompetence, defect of law,
or inconsistency with reason. The presiding Aedilis Curulis shall
inform the actor of the refusal and its grounds within one nundinum of
receipt of the request for arbitration.
B. Reply of Reus to the Request for Arbitration.
1. The reus shall have two nundina from the date of transmission or
postmark of the forwarded original request for arbitration to reply to
that request. The reply to request must be by written communication
to the presiding Aedilis Curulisand include:
a. Names, addresses, email, telephone and/or telefax of all
parties and witnesses;
b. Designation of the reus' advocatus, if any;
c. A brief description of nature and circumstances of the
dispute and reply to the actor's claim;
d. A signed agreement to accept binding arbitration; the
signed agreement must be sent by post to the Curulis Aedilis (the
form of the agreement must be that found in Appendix I of this edictum);
e. Names, addresses, email, telephone and/or telefax of two
arbitri proposed by the reus;
f. A check or international money order in the amount of
the pignus, if required; the financial instrument for the pignus must
be sent by post to the presiding Aedilis Curulis;
g. The oath of the reus in Appendix II of this edictum.
2. The presiding Aedilis Curulis shall acknowledge in writing
receipt of the reply to request for arbitration from the reus.
3. The aedilis shall forward a full copy of the reply to request
for arbitration to the actor within one nundinum of receipt of the
reply to the request.
4. A continuance of no more than two nundina may be granted by the
presiding Aedilis Curulis for compliance with III.B.1;
5. If the reus declines to participate in arbitration, the
presiding Aedilis Curulis shall deny the request for arbitration.
6. If the reus accepts arbitration and if any of the material
required in III.B.1. is absent from the reply to the request, the reus
shall be held to be in default. Five copies of all the material
required in III.A.1 shall be submitted at the time of request.
C. Upon receipt of the reply to request for arbitration the
presiding Aedilis Curulis shall initiate the procedures of arbitration
within two nundina and notify the parties thereof.
IV. Procedures of Arbitration
A. Appointment of arbitri and Default Appointment
1. Upon notification that arbitration has been initiated by the
presiding Aedilis Curulis, the actor may preemptorily challenge one of
the reus' arbitri; notice of challenge shall be communicated to the
presiding Aedilis Curulis.
2. Upon notification that arbitration has been inititated by the
presiding Aedilis Curulis, the reus may preemptorily challenge one of
the actors' arbitri; notice of challenge shall be communicated to the
presiding Aedilis Curulis.
3. The presiding Aedilis Curulis shall appoint the unchallenged
arbitri of the actor and reus arbitri on a tribunal to hear,
deliberate, and determination the outcome of the arbitration. If no
arbiter is challenged, the presiding Aedilis Curulis shall select one
from each submitted panel.
4. The presiding Aedilis Curulis shall appoint an impartial and
independent third arbitrator of his selection to service as arbiter on
a tribunal to hear, deliberate, and determination the outcome of the
arbitration.
5. In the event that a arbiter duly appointed for the actor or reus
shall be unable to perform his duties before commencement of the
hearing, tthe presiding Aedilis Curulis shall appoint an impartial and
independent replacement of his selection.
6. If the actor and/or reus shall refuse to accept any appointment
of arbiter to the tribunal, the refusing party/parties shall be held
in default.
7. If, the hearing having commenced, a arbiter is unable to to
perform his duties, the presiding Aedilis Curulis shall act as arbiter
in his place. If more than one arbiter is unable to perform his
duties under these circumstances, the trib unal shall be dissolved and
a new tribunal selected in accordance with III.A.1.f, III.B.1.f, and
IV.A. of this edictum.
8. No citizen shall be compelled to serve as an arbiter, but,
having accepted the office, no arbiter shall withdraw except for
corruption, conflict of interest, grave illness, or other serious
reason sufficient to the presiding Aedilis Curulis.
B. The presiding Aedilis Curulis shall preside over the tribunal and
rule upon points of order and law. The decisions of the presiding
Aedilis Curulis shall be binding on the arbitri, the parties, their
advocati, and witnesses.
1. The presiding Aedilis Curulis shall prepare a formula on the
basis of the request for arbitration and the reply to the request for
arbitration.
2. This formula shall take the form: "N, NN, and NNN shall be the
arbitri. If it appears that the claim of the actor, Titius, to wit
[statement of claim of the actor] should prevail in the matter in
dispute, the arbitri shall require that the reus, Seius, provide the
award, to wit [statement of the award] to the actor; otherwise the
arbitri shall absolve the reus."
3. The presiding Aedilis Curulis shall inform the parties and
arbitri of the formula at the time specified in III.C of this edictum.
4. When the cause of justice shall require, the presiding Aedilis
Curulis may amend the formula at any point prior to conclusion of the
hearing. The parties and arbitri shall be notified immedidately of
any amendments to the formula.
5. No award in formula shall require a reus to perform a
dishonourable, criminal, or otherwise infamous act.
C. Oaths
1. Of arbitri. Each arbiter appointed to the tribunal shall take
the oath specified in Appendix II of this edictum before undertaking
his duties;
2. Of Parties. Each party shall take the oath specified in
Appendix II of this edictum in the request for arbitration or reply to
the request for arbitration.
3. Of Witnesses. Each witness shall take the oath specified in
Appendix II of this edictum before giving evidence.
D. General Powers of the Tribunal
1. The Tribunal shall serve as the court of hearing, deliberation,
and determination of the binding arbitration;
2. Arbitri may query witnesses and examine documents through the
presiding Aedilis Curulis;
3. Arbitri may request the presiding Aedilis Curulis to compel
witnesses to testify under penalty of fine for refusal; no reus shall
be compelled to testify against himself;
4. Arbitri may not deviate from the formula provided by the
presiding Aedilis Curulis;
5. If an arbiter is found to have been corrupted at any stage of
the arbitration, that arbiter shall be dismissed and the arbitration
dismissed;
a. With the agreement of the parties, a new tribunal shall be
empaneled in accordance with I.A.1.f, I.B.1.e, and III.A of this
edictum; uncorrupted arbitri of the previous tribunal may be empaneled
in its successor;
b. The corrupted arbiter shall be prosecuted for perjury and
obstruction of justice.
E. Language of Arbitration
1. The official language of arbitration shall be English;
2. The presiding Aedilis Curulis shall arrange with the Decuria
Interpres for translation into other languages as needed, but no more
than one continuance shall be granted to facilitate procurement of
translation.
F. Advocati
1. Any party to the arbitration may be represented by an advocatus
of his choosing; neither actor nor reus shall be required to be
represented by an advocatus.
2. No advocatus shall be compensated for his services.
G. Hearing
1. The place, date, time of the hearing shall be determined by the
presiding Aedilis Curulis after consultation with the parties and
their advocati. The parties are responsible for ensuring the presence
of witnesses and documentary evidence.
2. The following procedures shall be followed at hearings:
a. The actor and/or his advocatus shall state the claim, the
evidence to be submitted for that claim, and the relief and/or amount
requested;
b. The reus and/or his advocatus shall state the denial of the
claim and the evidence to be submitted for that denial;
c. The actor and/or his adovcatus shall present the evidence for
the claim and relief in the form of witnesses for examination and
cross-examination by the reus and/or his advocatus, the presiding
Aedilis Curulis, or the arbitri, and/or documents certified to the
tribunal by the presiding Aedilis Curulis.
d. The reus and/or his adovcatus shall present the evidence against
the claim and relief in the form of witnesses for examination and
cross-examination by the actor and/or his advocatus, the presiding
Aedilis Curulis, or the arbitri, and/or documents certified to the
tribunal by the presiding Aedilis Curulis.
3. Ex parte Communications. No party or witness shall communicate,
except with the permission of the presiding Aedilis Curulis, with any
other party or witness regarding the dispute from the opening of the
hearing until the final determination has been made.
4. Continuance. The presiding Aedilis Curulis may adjourn and
continue a hearing for a period up to a nundinum at the request of a
party or at his discretion
5. Waiver and Stipulation. Parties shall have the right to waive
their portion of the procedures of sections VI.G2 of this edictum.
Parties may stipulate by agreement to facts.
6. Termination by Settlement. If, prior to final determination and
with the consent of the presiding Aedilis Curulis, the parties agree
to settle their dispute outside the arbitration, the tribunal shall be
dismissed and the aribtration terminated. No dispute terminated by
settlement may be resubmitted for arbitration.
H. Deliberation and Determination
1. Upon completion of the hearing, the tribunal shall retire to
deliberate privately. The presiding Aedilis Curulis shall accompany
them to rule on points of law and chair their deliberation. Unless
also a arbiter under IV.A.5 of this edictum, the presiding Aedilis
Curulis shall not vote on the final determination of the arbitration.
2. Determination of the arbitration shall be a vote to accept or
reject (1) the actor's claim and (2) the actor's award in the formula
presented by the presiding Aedilis Curulis. Determination of the
arbitration shall be on preponderance of the evidence by a majority
vote of the arbitri. Abstentions shall be counted as votes against
the claim or award of the actor.
a. If the actor's claim is accepted, the award specified in the
formula must be made in accordance with the formula.
3. The tribunal is not obligated to give an award, even if a
determination has been made, unless otherwise specified in the formula
of the Aedilis Curulis.
3. The determination shall be given to the presiding Aedilis
Curulis for notification of the parties.
I. Award. The amount of award shall be determined by the tribunal
in accordance with the presiding Aedilis Curulis' formula, but shall
not exceed the amount claimed for relief in the request for
arbitration. The award shall be paid from the pignus of the reus and
the pignus of the actor returned. In the event that the pignus of the
reus has been waived by the Aediles Curules, the reus shall have one
nundinum to surrender the appropriate pignus to the Quaestor of the
presiding Aedilis Curulis. A reus who refuses to surrender the pignus
within this time limit shall be subject to prosecution before the
Praetor for fraud and obstruction of justice.
J. Costs and Fines
1. The presiding Aedilis Curulis shall recover from the parties
such receipted costs for communications, copying, exhibits, and the
like as are reasonable.
a. In the event that a party shall dispute the recovery, the
matter shall be referred to the presiding Aedilis Curulis' aedlician
colleague for decision; his decision shall be final.
2. The presiding Aedilis Curulis shall be empowered to fine any
party or advocatus who violates the procedures of the arbitration.
The fine shall not exceed twenty-five U.S. dollars ($25.00) per violation.
a. In the event that a party or advocatus shall dispute the fine,
the matter shall be referrerd to the presiding Aedilis Curulis'
aedlician colleague for decision; his decision shall be final.
b. Fines must be paid within two nundina of their imposition.
Failure to pay a fine will result in prosecution before the Praetor
for obstruction of justice.
3. The presiding Aedilis Curulis shall be empowered to fine any
defaulting party up to the amount of the pignus, as well as awardinjg
the pignus to the non-defaulting party.
a. In the event that a party dispute the fine, the matter shall be
referrerd to the presiding Aedilis Curulis' aedlician colleague for
decision; his decision shall be final.
b. Fines must be paid within two nundina of their imposition.
Failure to pay a fine will result in prosecution before the Praetor
for obstruction of justice.
K. Exclusion of Liability. The parties shall exclude Nova Roma, the
presiding Aedilis Curulis, and arbitri from any legal liability
arising from the arbitration.
L. Waiver of Defamation. The parties shall agree to waive any
action for defamation arising from sworn testimony or admitted written
evidence in the hearing.
M. Default. A party shall be held in default if that party fails to
follow the procedures directed in this edictum, to provide requested
documents or testimony, or acts to disrupt or evade the agreed upon
arbitration. In the event that a party shall default, the presiding
Aedilis Curulis shall determine that the non-defaulting party has
prevailed and shall award reflief in accordance with IV.I of this
edictum. A defaulting party may be fined by the presiding Aedilis
Curulis.
N. Appeals
1. To Consular or Praetorian Jurisdiction. As a condition of
arbitration, the parties shall agree not to attempt to invoke consular
or praetorian jurisdiction over the arbitration.
2. To Comitia Centuriata. Appeal of a binding arbitration may be
made by either party only to the Comitia Centuriata and only on
grounds of a serious procedural error in the arbitration. The Comitia
Centuriata shall conduct trial as an appellate court in case of such
an appeal.
O. Intercessio
1. Tribunician or superior curule intercessio may be applied to any
procedure in abritration in accordance with the Constitution of Nova
Roma. Such an intercessio shall terminate the aribtration without
prejudice.
2. As a condition of arbitration, the parties shall agree not to
seek tribunician or superior curule intercessio over the arbitration.
APPENDIX I
The following text is the agreement to accept binding arbitration
which must be executed by actor and reus in accordance with I.B of
this edictum:
AGREEMENT TO ACCEPT BINDING ARBITRATION
The undersigned party at interest in the matter of
______________________________________________ agrees to submit the
dispute now pending with ________________________________________ to
binding arbitration under the Aedilician Edictum on Binding
Arbitration of Commercial Disputes of Nova Roma.
The party agrees that a tribunal of arbiters appointed by a Aedilis
Curulis of Nova Roma will serve as arbitrators and decide the matter.
The party agrees that the Aedilician Edictum on Binding Arbitration of
Commercial Disputes of Nova Roma shall govern all rules of all
proceedings related to this aribtration.
The party agrees that the tribunal's award is binding in all respects
upon all parties and may be entered as a final judgment in any court
of competent jurisdiction.
The party agrees that the tribunal shall hear and determine the
controversy on the evidence submitted. The presiding Aedilis Curulis
shall have ultimate responsibility to determine the relevancy and
admissibility of all evidence and to submit the formula. The party
agrees that the hearing and all other procedures will be conducted in
accordance with the Aedilician Edictum on Binding Arbitration of
Commercial Disputes of Nova Roma. Any party who proceeds through the
arbitration after knowledge that any provision or requirement of this
edictum has not been complied with or fails to object in writing,
shall be deemed to have waived the objection. The undersigned party
agrees that should any party violate this agreement, that party shall
indemnify Nova Roma and the non-violating party for any and all
resulting costs.
This agreement for binding arbitration may be executed in several
counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of
which shall be considered one and the same valid and enforceable
agreement.
Actor/Reus:_______________________________________________
Witness:_______________________________________________
Date:_______________________________________________
Presiding Aedilis Curulis:_________________________________________
Date:_______________________________________________
APPENDIX II
The following text is the oath which each arbiter shall take before
undertaking his duties:
I, [legal and Roman names], do hereby solemnly swear to accept the
office of arbiter and perform the duties of that office fairly and
impartially and to accept neither favour nor compensation for my
determination of this arbitration. On my honour as a citizen and in
the presence of the Gods and Goddesses of the Roman people and by
their will and favour I undertake this oath.
The following text is the oath which a citizen actor shall take in the
request for arbitration:
I, [legal and Roman names], do hereby solemnly swear that the claim I
have made in my request for arbitration is true to the best of my
knowledge and that I have made a good-faith effort to resolve the
matter in dispute before requesting arbitration. On my honour as a
citizen and in the presence of the Gods and Goddesses of the Roman
people and by their will and favour I undertake this oath. [Citizens
of religions other than the Religio Romana may specify the
deity/deities in whose presence the oath is undertaken].
The following text is the oath which a peregrine actor shall take in
the request for arbitration:
I, [legal name], do hereby solemnly swear that the claim I have made
in my request for arbitration is true to the best of my knowledge and
that I have made a good-faith effort to resolve the matter in dispute
before requesting arbitration. On my honour and in the presence of
the Gods and Goddesses of the Roman people I undertake this oath.
[Peregrines of religions other than the Religio Romana may specify the
deity/deities in whose presence the oath is undertaken].
The following text is the oath which a citizen reus shall take in the
reply to the request for arbitration:
I, [legal and Roman names], do hereby solemnly swear that the claim I
have made in my reply to the request for arbitration is true to the
best of my knowledge. On my honour as a citizen and in the presence
of the Gods and Goddesses of the Roman people and by their will and
favour I undertake this oath. [Citizens of religions other than the
Religio Romana may specify the deity/deities in whose presence the
oath is undertaken].
The following text is the oath which a peregrine reus shall take in
the reply to the request for arbitration:
I, [legal name], do hereby solemnly swear that the claim I have made
in my reply to the request for arbitration is true to the best of my
knowledge. On my honour and in the presence of the Gods and Goddesses
of the Roman people I undertake this oath. [Peregrines of religions
other than the Religio Romana may specify the deity/deities in whose
presence the oath is undertaken].
The following text is the oath which a citizen witness shall take in
the reply to the request for arbitration:
I, [legal and Roman names], do hereby solemnly swear that the evidence
I shall give is true and that I have neither received nor shall
receive compensation for my testimony. On my honour as a citizen and
in the presence of the Gods and Goddesses of the Roman people and by
their will and favour I undertake this oath. [Citizens of religions
other than the Religio Romana may specify the deity/deities in whose
presence the oath is undertaken].
The following text is the oath which a peregrine witness shall take in
the reply to the request for arbitration:
I, [legal name], do hereby solemnly swear that the evidence I shall
give is true and that I have neither received nor shall receive
compensation for my testimony. On my honour and in the presence of
the Gods and Goddesses of the Roman people and by their will and
favour I undertake this oath. [Peregrines of religions other than the
Religio Romana may specify the deity/deities in whose presence the
oath is undertaken].