Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62591 |
From: marcushoratius |
Date: 2009-04-01 |
Subject: KALENDIS APRILIS: Veneralia |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62592 |
From: Gnaeus Caelius Ahenobarbus |
Date: 2009-04-01 |
Subject: Re: Market day chat, all day long! |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62593 |
From: Rich |
Date: 2009-04-01 |
Subject: Re: Market day chat, all day long! |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62594 |
From: Gnaeus Caelius Ahenobarbus |
Date: 2009-04-01 |
Subject: Re: Market day chat, all day long! |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62595 |
From: Maior |
Date: 2009-04-01 |
Subject: Re: Market day chat, all day long! |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62596 |
From: Q. Caecilius Metellus |
Date: 2009-04-01 |
Subject: Kalendis Aprilibus Iunoni Libatio |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62597 |
From: Anthony Letsom |
Date: 2009-04-02 |
Subject: citizenship |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62598 |
From: iulius sabinus |
Date: 2009-04-02 |
Subject: Re: citizenship |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62599 |
From: MCC |
Date: 2009-04-02 |
Subject: CALL FOR CANDIDATES FOR PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62600 |
From: marcushoratius |
Date: 2009-04-02 |
Subject: a. d. IV Nonas Aprilis: Battle of Chaeronea |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62601 |
From: irinasergia |
Date: 2009-04-02 |
Subject: about the word "hortus"... |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62602 |
From: aerdensrw |
Date: 2009-04-02 |
Subject: Re: about the word "hortus"... |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62603 |
From: Robb Jackson |
Date: 2009-04-02 |
Subject: Re: [NovaRomaProvinciae] CALL FOR CANDIDATES FOR PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62604 |
From: Colin Brodd |
Date: 2009-04-02 |
Subject: Re: about the word "hortus"... |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62605 |
From: Titus Flavius Aquila |
Date: 2009-04-02 |
Subject: AW: [Nova-Roma] Re: [NovaRomaProvinciae] CALL FOR CANDIDATES FOR PRO |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62606 |
From: Titus Flavius Aquila |
Date: 2009-04-02 |
Subject: AW: AW: [Nova-Roma] Re: [NovaRomaProvinciae] CALL FOR CANDIDATES FOR |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62607 |
From: Chantal Gaudiano |
Date: 2009-04-02 |
Subject: (no subject) |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62608 |
From: Rich |
Date: 2009-04-02 |
Subject: Re: (unknown) |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62609 |
From: Jennifer Harris |
Date: 2009-04-02 |
Subject: Re: Market day chat, all day long! |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62610 |
From: southern_pride1872 |
Date: 2009-04-02 |
Subject: market day chat |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62611 |
From: Gnaeus Caelius Ahenobarbus |
Date: 2009-04-02 |
Subject: Re: Market day chat, all day long! |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62612 |
From: vallenporter |
Date: 2009-04-02 |
Subject: Re: Market day chat, all day long! |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62613 |
From: marcushoratius |
Date: 2009-04-03 |
Subject: a. d. III Nonas Aprilis: Rex Numa, Founder of the Religio Romana |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62614 |
From: Q. Caecilius Metellus |
Date: 2009-04-03 |
Subject: Ne Tranquille in Noctem Bonam Eamus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62615 |
From: Chantal Gaudiano |
Date: 2009-04-03 |
Subject: Re: Meaning of Hortus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62616 |
From: Titus Flavius Aquila |
Date: 2009-04-03 |
Subject: AW: [Nova-Roma] Ne Tranquille in Noctem Bonam Eamus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62617 |
From: vallenporter |
Date: 2009-04-03 |
Subject: Re: [NovaRomaProvinciae] CALL FOR CANDIDATES FOR PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62618 |
From: Gaius Equitius Cato |
Date: 2009-04-03 |
Subject: Re: Ne Tranquille in Noctem Bonam Eamus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62619 |
From: Gnaeus Caelius Ahenobarbus |
Date: 2009-04-03 |
Subject: Re: Ne Tranquille in Noctem Bonam Eamus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62621 |
From: Gaius Equitius Cato |
Date: 2009-04-03 |
Subject: Re: Ne Tranquille in Noctem Bonam Eamus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62622 |
From: Gnaeus Caelius Ahenobarbus |
Date: 2009-04-03 |
Subject: Re: Ne Tranquille in Noctem Bonam Eamus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62623 |
From: Gnaeus Caelius Ahenobarbus |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Formal Resignation of Citizenship/Membership in Nova Roma |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62624 |
From: M•IVL• SEVERVS |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: Ne Tranquille in Noctem Bonam Eamus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62625 |
From: Titus Flavius Aquila |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: AW: [Nova-Roma] Formal Resignation of Citizenship/Membership in Nova |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62626 |
From: marcushoratius |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Pridie Nonas Aprilis: Ludi Megalesiaci |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62628 |
From: Gaius Equitius Cato |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: Ne Tranquille in Noctem Bonam Eamus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62629 |
From: Gaius Equitius Cato |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: Ne Tranquille in Noctem Bonam Eamus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62630 |
From: Steve Moore |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: Formal Resignation of Citizenship/Membership in Nova Roma |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62632 |
From: Gaius Equitius Cato |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: CISTA |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62633 |
From: Ron Acosta |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: A New Citizen's Greetings |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62634 |
From: Titus Flavius Aquila |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: AW: [Nova-Roma] Re: [NovaRomaProvinciae] CALL FOR CANDIDATES FOR PRO |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62635 |
From: livia_plauta |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: Formal Resignation of Citizenship/Membership in Nova Roma |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62636 |
From: Robin Marquardt |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: From: Tiberius Marcius Quadra To: Sextus Antonius Costa |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62637 |
From: Gaius Equitius Cato |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: From: Tiberius Marcius Quadra To: Sextus Antonius Costa |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62638 |
From: Robert Woolwine |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: CISTA |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62639 |
From: Maior |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: CISTA |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62640 |
From: livia_plauta |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: From: Tiberius Marcius Quadra To: Sextus Antonius Costa |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62641 |
From: Gallagher |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Citizenship diploma |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62642 |
From: Gaius Equitius Cato |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: CISTA |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62644 |
From: Robert Woolwine |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: CISTA |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62645 |
From: Maior |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: CISTA |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62646 |
From: Chantal Gaudiano |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: America Austroccidentalis |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62647 |
From: Robin Marquardt |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: *Stone, J.R. 1996. Latin for the Illiterati, p.197. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62648 |
From: Titus Flavius Aquila |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: AW: [Nova-Roma] Re: CISTA |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62649 |
From: vallenporter |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: [NovaRomaProvinciae] CALL FOR CANDIDATES FOR PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62650 |
From: Robin Marquardt |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: From: Tiberius Marcius Quadra To: Sextus Antonius Costa |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62651 |
From: Publius Ullerius Stephanus Venator |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: CISTA |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62652 |
From: Publius Memmius Albucius |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: On promotional campaigns by collegia - praet. resp. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62654 |
From: Gaius Equitius Cato |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: CISTA |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62655 |
From: Gaius Equitius Cato |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: CISTA |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62656 |
From: Titus Flavius Aquila |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: AW: [Nova-Roma] Re: [NovaRomaProvinciae] CALL FOR CANDIDATES FOR PRO |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62657 |
From: M•IVL• SEVERVS |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: Ne Tranquille in Noctem Bonam Eamus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62658 |
From: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: R: [Nova-Roma] *Stone, J.R. 1996. Latin for the Illiterati, p.197. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62659 |
From: enodia2002 |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: CISTA |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62660 |
From: livia_plauta |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: *Stone, J.R. 1996. Latin for the Illiterati, p.197. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62661 |
From: Titus Flavius Aquila |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: AW: [Nova-Roma] Re: CISTA |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62662 |
From: Robert Woolwine |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: Ne Tranquille in Noctem Bonam Eamus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62663 |
From: Publius Ullerius Stephanus Venator |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: CISTA |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62665 |
From: Gaius Equitius Cato |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: Ne Tranquille in Noctem Bonam Eamus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62666 |
From: Q. Valerius Poplicola |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: What Are We Doing? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62667 |
From: vallenporter |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: [NovaRomaProvinciae] CALL FOR CANDIDATES FOR PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62668 |
From: Maior |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: CISTA |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62669 |
From: Gaius Equitius Cato |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: CISTA |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62670 |
From: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: R: [Nova-Roma] Re: Formal Resignation of Citizenship/Membership in N |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62671 |
From: Maior |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: CISTA |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62672 |
From: Gaius Equitius Cato |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: CISTA |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62673 |
From: Jim |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: Re: CALL FOR CANDIDATES FOR PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62674 |
From: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: MEGALESIA: Opening Ceremony |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62675 |
From: Titus Flavius Aquila |
Date: 2009-04-04 |
Subject: AW: [Nova-Roma] Re: [NovaRomaProvinciae] CALL FOR CANDIDATES FOR PRO |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62676 |
From: marcushoratius |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: NONAE APRILIAE: Fortuna Publica; Claudia Quinta |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62677 |
From: irinasergia |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: What Are We Doing? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62678 |
From: Titus Iulius Sabinus |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: MEGALESIA: Opening Ceremony |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62679 |
From: M. Lucretius Agricola |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: Ne Tranquille in Noctem Bonam Eamus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62680 |
From: irinasergia |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: MEGALESIA: Opening Ceremony |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62681 |
From: Gaius Equitius Cato |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: Ne Tranquille in Noctem Bonam Eamus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62682 |
From: Titus Iulius Sabinus |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: MEGALESIA: Opening Ceremony |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62683 |
From: Gaius Equitius Cato |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Palm Sunday |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62684 |
From: Gnaeus Iulius Caesar |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Ludi Megalenses: Certamen Historicum - Day 1 |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62685 |
From: Gnaeus Iulius Caesar |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: Ludi Megalenses: Certamen Historicum - Day 1 |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62686 |
From: M.CVR.COMPLVTENSIS |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: Ne Tranquille in Noctem Bonam Eamus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62687 |
From: c.aqvillivs_rota |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: America Austroccidentalis |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62688 |
From: c.aqvillivs_rota |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: NR Priest/s and Soldiers wanted |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62689 |
From: Q. Valerius Poplicola |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: Ne Tranquille in Noctem Bonam Eamus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62690 |
From: c.aqvillivs_rota |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Press Release/To all citizens |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62691 |
From: Gnaeus Equitius Marinus |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: Ludi Megalenses: Certamen Historicum - Day 1 |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62692 |
From: iulius sabinus |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: Press Release/To all citizens |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62693 |
From: Q. Valerius Poplicola |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: NR Priest/s and Soldiers wanted |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62694 |
From: Gaius Equitius Cato |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: Ne Tranquille in Noctem Bonam Eamus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62695 |
From: Ron Acosta |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: Press Release/To all citizens |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62696 |
From: livia_plauta |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: INVITATION TO ROME! |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62697 |
From: livia_plauta |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: TAX REMINDER |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62698 |
From: Q. Valerius Poplicola |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: INVITATION TO ROME! |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62699 |
From: Q. Caecilius Metellus |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: Ne Tranquille in Noctem Bonam Eamus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62700 |
From: Aqvillivs Rota |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: Press Release/To all citizens |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62701 |
From: Lucius Coruncanius Cato |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: Ne Tranquille in Noctem Bonam Eamus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62702 |
From: Gnaeus Equitius Marinus |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Yahoo archives |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62703 |
From: Gaius Vipsanius Agrippa |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Working cista? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62704 |
From: A. Tullia Scholastica |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: America Austroccidentalis |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62705 |
From: Gnaeus Equitius Marinus |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: Working cista? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62706 |
From: Q. Valerius Poplicola |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: Working cista? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62707 |
From: Lucius Coruncanius Cato |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: Ne Tranquille in Noctem Bonam Eamus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62708 |
From: pompeia_minucia_tiberia |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: Working cista? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62709 |
From: Gaius Equitius Cato |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: Ne Tranquille in Noctem Bonam Eamus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62710 |
From: Robin Marquardt |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Vespasian or Titus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62711 |
From: Robin Marquardt |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Caligula - Little Boots |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62712 |
From: Priscilla Queen of the Desert |
Date: 2009-04-05 |
Subject: Re: Working cista? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62713 |
From: Gaius Equitius Cato |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: Working cista? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62714 |
From: A. Tullia Scholastica |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: Working cista? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62715 |
From: Priscilla Queen of the Desert |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: Working cista? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62716 |
From: Q. Valerius Poplicola |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Earth Quake |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62717 |
From: A. Tullia Scholastica |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: Working cista? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62718 |
From: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: Press Release/To all citizens |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62719 |
From: marcushoratius |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: a. d. VII Eidus Aprilis: The Battle of Thapsus |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62720 |
From: livia_plauta |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: Earth Quake |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62721 |
From: Robin Marquardt |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: Earth Quake |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62722 |
From: Gnaeus Equitius Marinus |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: Working cista? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62723 |
From: L Julia Aquila |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: Earth Quake |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62724 |
From: Gnaeus Equitius Marinus |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: Earth Quake |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62725 |
From: L Julia Aquila |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: Earth Quake |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62726 |
From: livia_plauta |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: Earth Quake |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62727 |
From: Titus Flavius Aquila |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: AW: [Nova-Roma] Re: Earth Quake Italia |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62728 |
From: Q. Valerius Poplicola |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: AW: [Nova-Roma] Re: Earth Quake Italia |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62729 |
From: livia_plauta |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: Earth Quake |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62730 |
From: Titus Flavius Aquila |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: AW: AW: [Nova-Roma] Re: Earth Quake Italia |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62731 |
From: M.CVR.COMPLVTENSIS |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: OBSTRUCTIONISM AND FILIBUSTERS |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62732 |
From: Gaius Equitius Cato |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: Working cista? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62733 |
From: Numero 2 |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: AW: AW: [Nova-Roma] Re: Earth Quake Italia |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62734 |
From: Titus Flavius Aquila |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: AW: AW: AW: [Nova-Roma] Re: Earth Quake Italia |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62735 |
From: Christer Edling |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: Earth Quake |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62736 |
From: Gaius Vipsanius Agrippa |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Call for candidates |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62737 |
From: Publius Ullerius Stephanus Venator |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: Earth Quake |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62738 |
From: Publius Memmius Albucius |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: Earth Quake |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62739 |
From: Matt |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: Earth Quake |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62740 |
From: L Julia Aquila |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: Earth Quake |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62741 |
From: James Hooper |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: Caligula - Little Boots |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62742 |
From: A. Sempronius Regulus |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Yahoo Problems |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62743 |
From: A. Sempronius Regulus |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: Yahoo Problems |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62744 |
From: pompeia_minucia_tiberia |
Date: 2009-04-06 |
Subject: Re: Working cista? |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62745 |
From: southern_pride1872 |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: caligula |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62746 |
From: Gaius Petronius Dexter |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: Re: caligula |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62747 |
From: MCC |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: CALL FOR CANDIDATES |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62748 |
From: Titus Flavius Aquila |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: AW: [Nova-Roma] Re: Earth Quake Donations |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62749 |
From: M Iul Perusianus |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: R: [Nova-Roma] Re: Earth Quake |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62750 |
From: Gallagher |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: EDICTVM CENSORIVM Elections April 2762 |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62751 |
From: A. Tullia Scholastica |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: Re: Earth Quake |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62752 |
From: MCC |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: TERREMOTO IN ITALIA |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62753 |
From: MCC |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: Re: CALL FOR CANDIDATES (ERRATA CORRIGE) |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62754 |
From: Francesco Valenzano |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: Re: Earth Quake |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62755 |
From: Maxima Valeria Messallina |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: Re: What Are We Doing? |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62756 |
From: L Julia Aquila |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: Re: caligula |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62757 |
From: irinasergia |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: Re: TERREMOTO IN ITALIA |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62758 |
From: Ugo Coppola |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: Candidacy for Aedilis Plebis |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62759 |
From: Q. Valerius Poplicola |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: Re: What Are We Doing? |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62760 |
From: Gaius Equitius Cato |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: Candidacy for Aedilis Curulis |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62761 |
From: QFabiusMaxmi@aol.com |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: My Candidacy for Aedilis Curulis |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62762 |
From: Robin Marquardt |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: Re: Caligula - Little Boots |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62763 |
From: Gaius Petronius Dexter |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: Re: caligula |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62764 |
From: C. Stricklin |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: Earth Quake |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62765 |
From: Gnaeus Iulius Caesar |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: Ludi Megalenses: Certamen Historicum - Day 2 & 3 (Part 1) |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62766 |
From: gualterus_graecus |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: Candidacy for Diribitor |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62767 |
From: Ugo Coppola |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: Candidacy as Aedilis Curulis |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62768 |
From: Ron Acosta |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: Candidate for Diribitor |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62769 |
From: Gnaeus Iulius Caesar |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: Ludi Megalenses: Certamen Historicum - Day 2 & 3 (Part 2) |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62770 |
From: C. Maria Caeca |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: Re: Earth Quake |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62771 |
From: livia_plauta |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: Earth Quake |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 62772 |
From: Titus Annaeus Regulus |
Date: 2009-04-07 |
Subject: Re: CALL FOR CANDIDATES |
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M. Moravius Piscinus cultoribus Deorum, Quiritibus et omnibus salutem plurimam dicit: Di vos salvas et servatas volunt.
Hodie est Kalendae Aprilae; haec dies fastus est: DIE QUINTI TE KALO, IUNO COVELLA : Veneralia; Veneri Verticordiae; Fortunae Virili
VENERALIA
"Perform the rites of the Goddess, Roman brides and mothers, and you who must not wear the headbands and long robes. Remove the golden necklaces from Her marble neck, remove Her riches: the Goddess must be cleansed, complete. Return the gold necklaces to her neck, once it's dry: Now She's given fresh flowers, and new-sprung roses. She commands you too to bathe, under the green myrtle, and there's a particular reason for Her command (learn, now!). Naked, on the shore, She was drying Her dripping hair: The Satyrs, that wanton crowd, spied the Goddess. She sensed it, and hid Her body with a screen of myrtle: Doing so, She was safe: She commands that you do so too. Learn now why you offer incense to Fortuna Virilis, in that place that steams with heated water. All women remove their clothes on entering, and every blemish on their bodies is seen: Virile Fortune undertakes to hide those from the men, and She does this at the behest of a little incense. Don't begrudge Her poppies, crushed in creamy milk, and in flowing honey, squeezed from the comb: When Venus was first led to Her eager spouse, She drank so: and from that moment was a bride. Please Her with words of supplication: beauty, virtue, and good repute are in Her keeping. In our forefather's time Rome lapsed from chastity: and the ancients consulted the Sibyl of Cumae. She ordered a temple built to Venus: when it was done Venus took the name of Verticordia. Most Lovely Venus, always gaze benignly on the sons of Aeneas, and safeguard their many wives." ~ P. Ovidius Naso, Fasti 4.133-164
Ovid here has combined, or purposely confused, three or more different celebrations held on the kalends of April. The oldest is apparently that performed by women to Fortuna Virilis. Several temples and shrines were dedicated to Fortuna in Her many diverse forms. Severally of these were attributed to Servius Tullius in the sixth century. (See Plutarch below.) On the one hand, ladies of upper society attended rites for Fortuna Virilis at Her temple. They invoked Fortuna Virilis to temper their husbands anger toward themselves. Plebeian women, on the other hand, took a different approach towards the same end. They attended the male baths, after the men had left, wearing only wreathes of myrtle. Bathing then in the bath waters last used by men, they hoped to make themselves more appealing to their husbands. In a later period the sweat of gladiators was collected with the same thought in mind, the oils and grime of such virile men then made into perfumes. Perhaps in an instance of sympathetic magic, or just from the excitation of swimming in strange waters, evoking interest, or perhaps the jealousy of their husbands, this ritual bath was suppose to spark excitement back into marital relations.
The earliest known Temple of Venus was that dedicated in 295 BCE in the Circus Maximus for Venus Obsequens. This dedication is celebrated on 19 August. Temples for Venus Libitina and for Venus Cloaca were likewise dedicated in the third century, and probably celebrated on the same day. Venus Erucina first arrived in 215 BCE on the Capitoline, and a gain on 23 April 181 BCE at a second temple near the Porta Collina. It was not until 114 BCE that a temple was dedicated on the kalends of April for Venus Verticordia. It is debatbale whether the Veneralia refers to the dedication of this temple, or whether the Temple of Verticordia was dedicated on this day because it was a festival of Venus. I would think that the later is the case. A century earlier, the Decemviri sacris faciundis had been consulted following the revelation that two Vestals had been unchaste. The Senate, advised by the Decemviri, erected a statue of Venus Verticordia. In compliance with the Sibylline Oracle, one hundred matrons were chosen by lot to select who, in their opinion, was the most chaste woman of Rome. Sulpicia, daughter of Servius Paterculus and wife of Q. Fulvius Flaccus, was the one chosen to be most chaste, and therefore the one to dedicate the statue [Val. Max. 8.15.12; Plin. H. N. 7.35 (120 )]. Venus Verticordia was invoked to "more easily turn the minds of virgins and matrons from lust to chastity." By this time the nobiles (those whose families had produced a consul) were both patricians and plebeians. Where plebeian women and those patrician women who had married plebeians, were excluded by patrician matrons in some rites, those dedicated to Venus Verticordia would seem to have been for women of both Orders, but mainly for upper class women. This cultus was related to the Vestales Virgines, who originally came from only patrician families, but who would have been selected from senatorial families by 114 BCE, whether they were patrician or plebeian.
This still leaves open what the women of the lower classes would have celebrated. In the Early and Middle Republic the plebeians were often the leading part of society to introduce new culti Deorum. But the patricians likewwise introduced some new culti, such as the one for the Magna Mater before it was adopted by other elements of Roman society. In the Late Republic and imperial era it is the upper classes who more willingly embraced new culti Deorum while the plebeians more readily preserved what were their traditional rites. Servius Tullius modelled his rule after eastern tyrrants, calling himself magister populi rather than rex and appealling to the urban society against the patrician gentry. This lived on in the cultus for Fortuna Virilis by the `humiliores' in the Principate, as recorded in the fasti Praenestini in an annotation by M. Verrius Flaccus (55 BCE – 20 CE) under the Venalia.
Fortuna Brevis
"Why did King Servius Tullius build a shrine of Little Fortune, which they call Brevis? Is it because although, at the first, he was a man of little importance and of humble activities and the son of a captive woman, yet, owing to Fortune, he became king of Rome? Or does this very change reveal the greatness rather than the littleness of Fortune, and does Servius beyond all other men seem to have deified the power of Fortune, and to have set her formally over all manner of actions? For he not only built shrines of Fortune the Giver of Good Hope, the Averter of Evil, the Gentle, the First-Born, and the Male; but there is also a shrine of Private Fortune, another of Attentive Fortune, and still another of Fortune the Virgin. Yet why need anyone review her other appellations, when there is a shrine of the Fowler's Fortune, or Viscata, as they call her, signifying that we are caught by Fortune from afar and held fast by circumstances? Consider, however, whether it was not that Servius observed the mighty potency of Fortune's ever slight mutation, and that by the occurrence or non-occurrence of some slight thing, it has often fallen to the lot of some to succeed or to fail in the greatest enterprises, and it was for this reason that he built the shrine of Little Fortune, teaching men to give great heed to events, and not to despise anything that they encountered by reason of its triviality." ~ Plutarch, Roman Questions 74
Life of Numa Pompilius
Numa resided at a famous city of the Sabines called Cures, whence the Romans and Sabines gave themselves the joint name of Quirites. Pomponius, an illustrious person, was his father, and he the youngest of his four sons, being (as it had been divinely ordered) born on the twenty-first day of April, the day of the foundation of Rome. He was endued with a soul rarely tempered by nature, and disposed to virtue, which he had yet more subdued by discipline, a severe life, and the study of philosophy; means which had not only succeeded in expelling the baser passions, but also the violent and rapacious temper which barbarians are apt to think highly of; true bravery, in his judgment, was regarded as consisting in the subjugation of our passions by reason." ~ Plutarch, Life of Numa 3.4
AUC 1039 / 286 CE: Ascension of Maximianus
Today's thought comes to us from Epicurus, Vatican Sayings 65:
"It is pointless for a man to pray to the Gods for that which he has the power to obtain by himself."
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M. Moravius Piscinus cultoribus Deorum, Quiritibus et omnibus salutem plurimam dicit: Diis bene iuvantibus sitis
Hodie est Nonae Apriliae; haec dies nefastus est: Fortunae Publicae; Ludi Megalesiaci. Hoc biduo sacrificium maximum Fortunae Primigeniae utro eorum die oraculum patet, II viri vitulum L.
When the stars have vanished, and the Moon unyokes
Her snowy horses, and the next dawn shines in the sky,
He'll speak true who says: On this day long ago
The temple of Public Fortune was dedicated on the Quirinal.
~ Publius Ovidius Naso, Fasti 4.373-376
Fortuna Primigenia at Praeneste
Ovid refers to the dedication day of a Temple of Fortuna Publica, one of three temples on the Quirinal that were dedicated to this Goddess.
Today is also noted on the fasti Praenestini as a day when the oracle of Fortuna Primigenia was opened. Her oracle at Praeneste was the foremost of Italy. For the oracle, lots were mixed in a cista filled with water. In response to inquiries a youth was selected to draw lots (Cicero, De Divinatione 2.86). Such is depicted on a third century bronze cista where a youth hands a lot to a figure in a toga. Young children, having reborn geniuses, are considered to be closer to the Gods than adults, and thus children were often used in drawing lots and in other forms of divination as mediators between the divine and mortals (Tibullus 1.3.10-12). Praeneste was a nearby Latin city of prominence, and yet it was still regarded a foreign city in 242/241 BCE:
"Lutatius Cerco, who ended the First Punic War, was prohibited by the Senate from consulting the lots of Fortuna at Praeneste. For they judged it right that the State be administered with ancestral auspices, not foreign ones." ~ Valerius Maximus 1.3.2
Lutatius Catullus, consul of 242, ended the First Punic War. His brother, Lutatius Cerco was consul in the following year and handled negotiations of the peace treaty. It was less than an hundred years at that time since Rome had defeated the Latin League and gained complete hegemony over the Latins. Fortuna Primigenia at Praeneste became more integrated into Roman practice by the Late Republic.
Claudia Quinta
Yesterday, in telling of the arrival of the Magna Mater to Rome, Livy mentioned Claudia Quinta as a particularly virtuous woman among the matrons of the City. Just as Scipio Nasica was said to have been chosen as the most noble man of Rome, worthy to receive the Goddess, in Livy Claudia Quinta seems to have been thought the most noble of patrician matrons. Earlier than Livy, Cicero, addressing his remarks to Clodius, wrote:
"Formerly, then, by the advice of this prophetess, when Italy was wearied by the Punic war and harassed by Hannibal, our ancestors imported that sacred image and those sacred rites from Phrygia, and established them at Rome, where they were received by that man who was adjudged to be the most virtuous of all the Roman people, Publius Scipio Nasica, and by the woman who was considered the chastest of the matrons, Quinta Claudia; the old-fashioned strictness of whose sacrifice on that occasion your sister is considered to have imitated in a wonderful manner." ~ M. Tullius Cicero, De Haruspicum Responsis 27
Then in April 56 BCE, Cicero, while defending Caelius, attacked Clodia (made famous by Catullus) by contrasting her with Claudia Quinta who he holds up as an example of "the womanly glory of domestic praise (pro Caelio 14.34)." With Cicero, as with Livy later, Claudia Quinta was noted as the most chaste matron and one most worthy to receive the image of the Goddess. Shortly after Livy wrote Ovid tells a very different story as it was revealed in the scaena testificata, or sacred drama of the Ludi Megalesia.
"For a long time there'd been a drought: the grass was dry and scorched: the boat stuck fast in the muddy shallows. Every man, hauling, laboured beyond his strength, and encouraged their toiling hands with his cries. Yet the ship lodged there, like an island fixed in mid-ocean: and astonished at the portent, men stood and quaked. Claudia Quinta traced her descent from noble Clausus, and her beauty was in no way unequal to her nobility: She was chaste, but not believed so: hostile rumour Had wounded her, false charges were levelled at her: her elegance, promenading around in various hairstyles, and her ready tongue, with stiff old men, counted against her. Conscious of virtue, she laughed at the rumoured lies,
But we're always ready to credit others with faults. Now, when she'd stepped from the line of chaste women, taking pure river water in her hands, she wetted her head three times, three times lifted her palms to the sky, while everyone watching her thought she'd lost her mind, and then, kneeling, fixed her eyes on the Goddess's statue, and, with loosened hair, uttered these words: 'Kind and fruitful Mother of the Gods, accept a suppliant's prayers, on this one condition: They deny I'm chaste: let me be guilty if You condemn me: convicted by a Goddess I'll pay for it with my life. But if I'm free of guilt, grant a pledge of my innocence by Your action: and, chaste, give way to my chaste hands.' She spoke: then gave a slight pull at the rope, a wonder, but the sacred drama attests what I say, the Goddess stirred, followed, and, following, approved her:
witness the sound of jubilation carried to the stars." ~ P. Ovidius Naso, Fasti 4.299-328
This story about Claudia Quinta may have been given greater prominence in the years that followed when Emperor Claudius reorganized the cultus Matri Deum, established the dendroforii, and more. However, already at some time before 111 BCE a statue of Claudia Quinta was erected in the vestibule of the Palatine Temple of Magna Mater. In that year, and again in 3 CE, the temple burnt to the ground but the statue of Claudia Quinta remained miraculously undamaged (Val. Max. 1.8.11).
"This, it was said, had formerly happened to Claudia Quinta; her statue which had twice escaped the violence of fire, had been dedicated by our ancestors in the Temple of Magna Mater Deorum, hence the Claudii had been accounted sacred and numbered among the Gods." ~ P. Cornelius Tacitus, Annales 4.64.4
These fires, and what was taken to have been a miracle that the statue of Claudia Quinta should survive, led to tfurther embellishment of her story. In the first century version by Silius Italicus, Scipio Nasica enjoins the crowd to tow the ship of Magna Mater to Rome by first warning them:
"Spare your guilty palms from touching these ropes. Away from here, I warn you, go far away from hence, whosoever among you is unchaste, do not share in this sacred task."
It was then that Claudia Quinta, a matron falsely accused of being unchaste, picked up the tow-rope alone and prayed:
"O Great Mother of the Heavenly Host, Genetrix of all the divine powers, whose children cast lots to see who should rule over land, and seas, and the stars, and the nether world of the Manes, if without violation my body is free of all unchaste crimes, may You be my witness, dear Goddess, and testify on my behalf of my innocence by the ease with which I now draw this vessel." ~ Ti. Catius Asconius Silius Italicus, Punica 17.27-29; 35-40
With P. Papinius Statius, also in the first century, Claudia Quinta is a 'virgo' rather than a matron, but not a Vestal (Silvae 1.2.245-246). By the third century Claudia Quinta was made over into a Vestal Virgin who had been accused of being unchaste and thus condemned to be buried alive. "She took off her sash and threw it onto the prow of the ship with a prayer that, if she were still an innocent virgin the ship would respond to her. The ship readily followed, attached to the sash. The Romans were astounded, both by the manifestation of the Goddess and by the sanctity of the Virgin (Herodian, Historia 1.11)."
Here Claudia Quinta would seem to have been confused with either of two Vestales Claudiae. The more famous Vestal Claudia interposed her sacrosanct person into her father's chariot to prevent a tribune of the plebs from denying him his triumph in 143 BCE (Val. Max. 5.4.6; Livy, Perioche 53; Cicero, pro Caelio 14.34). The other Claudia, if not a Vestal was noted as a virgin nevertheless, dedicated the Aventine Temple of the Bona Dea (Ovid, Fasti 5.155-158). [Cicero instead identified her as Vestal Licinia, daughter of a tribune of 145 BCE (De Domo 136).] But the story of a Vestal Virgin Claudia Quinta would seem to have been modeled more after that of Vestal Virgin Tuccia who famously proved her innocence by carrying water in a sieve from the Tiber to the Temple of Vesta [Val. Max. 8.1.5 (absol)]. The story of Claudia Quinta and how it evolved over the years is an example of how a tradition like the religio Romana tends to eveolve over time.
http://dictynna.revue.univ-lille3.fr/1Articles/4Articlespdf/Winsor.pdf
Thought of the day from Epictetus, Enchiridion 12
"If you would improve, lay aside such reasonings as these: "If I neglect my affairs, I shall not have a maintenance; if I do not punish my servant, he will be good for nothing." For it were better to die of hunger, exempt from grief and fear, than to live in affluence with perturbation; and it is better that your servant should be bad than you unhappy.
"Begin therefore with little things. Is a little oil spilt or a little wine stolen? Say to yourself, "This is the price paid for peace and tranquility; and nothing is to be had for nothing." And when you call your servant, consider that it is possible he may not come at your call; or, if he does, that he may not do what you wish. But it is not at all desirable for him, and very undesirable for you, that it should be in his power to cause you any disturbance."
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M. Moravius Piscinus Horatianus cu;toribus Deorum. Quiritibus et omnibus salutem plurimam dicit: Di vos salvam et servatam volunt
Hodie est ante diem VII Eidus Aprilis; haec dies nefastus aterque est: Ludi Megalesiaci
AUC 707 / 46 BCE: The Battle of Thapsus
Under the former calendar the Battle of Thapsus took place on 6 April. Just to show how far off the Roman calendar had become, after Caesar's reform it would have fallen on 6/7 February.
Julius Caesar had crossed from Sicily to Hadrumetum, Africa Proconsularis, on 28 Dec. 47 BCE with a small force, relying on speed rather than planning. It almost cost him his army and the war. By April, though, Caesar had secured his position, brought his army up to ten legions, and advanced against the port of Thapsus. By then Caesar's veteran legions were experts in seige warfare. His new recruits were kept busy digging entrenchments as well. Three trench lines sealed off the southern approaches between Utica and Thapsus by the time the Republicans sent a relief column. Caesar was at a disadvantage in cavalry, not only in numbers but also in the kind of Gallic and Germanic cavalry he had compared to the light Numidian cavalry he faced.
The Republicans, based at Utica, were led by Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Cato the Younger. Like Caesar they had ten legions, with a force of about 40,000 infantry, and a strong cavalry contingent of 2,500 men led by Titus Labienus. Additionally King Juba led a Numidian force, and Metellus Scipio had over sixty war elephants. After days of skirmishing with little result, Metellus Scipio led his army around Caesar's lines to approach Thapsus from the north. Caesar responding by marching his army out for open battle.
"When Caesar came to the place, he found Scipio's army in order of battle before the intrenchments, the elephants posted on the right and left wings, and part of the soldiers busily employed in fortifying the camp. Upon sight of this disposition, he drew up his army in three lines, placed the tenth and second legions on the right wing, the eighth and ninth on the left, five legions in the center, covered his flanks with five cohorts, posted opposite the elephants, disposed the archers and slingers in the two wings, and intermingled the light-armed troops with his cavalry. He himself on foot went from rank to rank, to rouse the courage of the veterans, putting them in mind of their former victories, and animating them by his kind expressions. He exhorted the new levies who had never yet been in battle to emulate the bravery of the veterans, and endeavor by a victory to attain the same degree of fame, glory, and renown.
"As he ran from rank to rank, he observed the enemy about the camp very uneasy, hurrying from place to place, at one time retiring behind the rampart, another coming out again in great tumult and confusion. As many others in the army began to observe this, his lieutenants and volunteers begged him to give the signal for battle, as the immortal gods promised him a decisive victory. While he hesitated and strove to repress their eagerness and desires, exclaiming that it was not his wish to commence the battle by a sudden sally, at the same time keeping back his army, on a sudden a trumpeter in the right wing, without Caesar's leave, but compelled by the soldiers, sounded a charge. Upon this all the cohorts began to rush toward the enemy, in spite of the endeavors of the centurions, who strove to restrain them by force, lest they should charge withal the general's order, but to no purpose.
"Caesar perceiving that the ardor of his soldiers would admit of no restraint, giving "good fortune" for the word, spurred on his horse, and charged the enemy's front. On the right wing the archers and slingers poured their eager javelins without intermission upon the elephants, and by the noise of their slings and stones, so terrified these animals, that turning upon their own men, they trod them down in heaps, and rushed through the half-finished gates of the camp. At the same time the Mauritanian horse, who were in the same wing with the elephants, seeing themselves deprived of their assistance, betook themselves to flight. Whereupon the legions wheeling round the elephants, soon possessed themselves of the enemy's intrenchments, and some few that made great resistance being slain, the rest fled with all expedition to the camp they had quitted the day before.
"And here we must not omit to notice the bravery of a veteran soldier of the fifth legion. For when an elephant which had been wounded in the left wing, and, roused to fury by the pain, ran against an unarmed sutler, threw him under his feet, and kneeling on him with his whole weight, and brandishing his uplifted trunk, with hideous cries, crushed him to death, the soldier could not refrain from attacking the animal. The elephant, seeing him advance with his javelin in his hand, quitted the dead body of the sutler, and seizing him with his trunk, wheeled him round in the air. But he, amid all the danger, preserving his presence of mind, ceased not with his sword to strike at the elephant's trunk, which enclasped him, and the animal, at last overcome with the pain, quitted the soldier, and fled to the rest with hideous cries.
"Meanwhile the garrison of Thapsus, either designing to assist their friends, or abandoning the town to seek safety by flight, sallied out by the gate next the sea, and wading navel deep in the water; endeavored to reach the land. But the servants and attendants of the camp, attacking them with darts and stones, obliged them to return to the town. Scipio's forces meanwhile being beaten, and his men fleeing on all sides, the legions instantly began the pursuit, that they might have no time to rally. When they arrived at the camp to which they fled, and where, having repaired it, they hoped to defend themselves they began to think of choosing a commander, to whose, authority and orders they might submit; but finding none on whom they could rely, they threw down their arms, and fled to the king's quarter. Finding this, on their arrival, occupied by Caesar's forces, they retired to a hill, where, despairing of safety, they cast down their arms, and saluted them in a military manner. But this stood them in little stead, for the veterans, transported with rage and anger, not only could not be induced to spare the enemy, but even killed or wounded several citizens of distinction in their own army, whom they upbraided as authors of the war. Of this number was Tullius Rufus the quaestor, whom a soldier designedly ran through with a javelin; and Pompeius Rufus, who was wounded with a sword in the arm, and would doubtless have been slain, had he not speedily fled to Caesar for protection. This made several Roman knights and senators retire from the battle, lest the soldiers, who after so signal a victory assumed an unbounded license, should be induced by the hopes of impunity to wreck their fury on them likewise. In short all Scipio's soldiers, though they implored the protection of Caesar, were in the very sight of that general, and in spite of his entreaties to his men to spare them, without exception put to the sword.
"Caesar, having made himself master of the enemy's three camps, killed ten thousand, and putting the rest to flight, retreated to his own quarters with the loss of not more than fifty men and a few wounded." ~ C. Julius Caesar, Commentarius de bello Africo 81-86
Death of Cato
"When Caesar learned from people who came to him that Cato was remaining in Utica and not trying to escape, but that he was sending off the p409rest, while he himself, his companions, and his son, were fearlessly going up and down, he thought it difficult to discern the purpose of the man, but since he made the greatest account of him, he came on with his army in all haste. When, however, he heard of his death, he said thus much only, as we are told: "O Cato, I begrudge thee thy death; for thou didst begrudge me the honour of sparing thy life." For, in reality, if Cato could have consented to have his life spared by Caesar, he would not be thought to have defiled his own fair fame, but rather to have adorned that of Caesar. However, what would have happened is uncertain; though the milder course is to be conjectured on the part of Caesar." ~ Plutarch, Life of Cato the Younger 72
Our thought for today is from Epicurus, Vatican Saying 50. (PD 8):
"No pleasure is a bad thing in itself, but the things which produce certain pleasures entail disturbances many times greater than the
pleasures themselves."
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