Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72734 |
From: Ass.Pomerium |
Date: 2009-12-21 |
Subject: Un augurio di buone feste dall'associazione Pomerium - Merry Xmas an |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72735 |
From: A. Tullia Scholastica |
Date: 2009-12-21 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72736 |
From: C.Maria Caeca |
Date: 2009-12-21 |
Subject: Re: language |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72737 |
From: Nova-Roma@yahoogroups.com |
Date: 2009-12-21 |
Subject: Posting rules in this Forum, 12/21/2009, 11:45 pm |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72738 |
From: rory12001 |
Date: 2009-12-21 |
Subject: Re: Languages (Was: Last report of the Senate session) |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72739 |
From: aerdensrw |
Date: 2009-12-21 |
Subject: Regarding the New Senate Rules |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72740 |
From: A. Tullia Scholastica |
Date: 2009-12-21 |
Subject: Re: Languages |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72741 |
From: rory12001 |
Date: 2009-12-21 |
Subject: Re: Regarding the New Senate Rules |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72742 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-21 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72743 |
From: A. Tullia Scholastica |
Date: 2009-12-21 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72744 |
From: rory12001 |
Date: 2009-12-21 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72745 |
From: petronius_dexter |
Date: 2009-12-21 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72746 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-21 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72747 |
From: petronius_dexter |
Date: 2009-12-21 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72748 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-21 |
Subject: Re: Regarding the New Senate Rules |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72749 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: language |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72750 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72751 |
From: QFabiusMaxmi@aol.com |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: language |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72752 |
From: Marcus Iulius Scaeva |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72753 |
From: Marcus Iulius Scaeva |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72754 |
From: gualterus_graecus |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: language |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72755 |
From: marcushoratius |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: a. d. X Kalendas Ianuarias: Lares Permarinae |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72756 |
From: David Kling |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72757 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72758 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72759 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72760 |
From: John Citron |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72761 |
From: C.Maria Caeca |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: language |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72762 |
From: deciusiunius |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72763 |
From: rory12001 |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72764 |
From: A. Tullia Scholastica |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: language |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72765 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72766 |
From: John Citron |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72767 |
From: Marcus Iulius Scaeva |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72768 |
From: Marcus Iulius Scaeva |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72769 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72770 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72771 |
From: rory12001 |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: Io Saturnalia!!! |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72772 |
From: rory12001 |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: respecting the gods [was Last report of the Senate session.] |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72773 |
From: petronius_dexter |
Date: 2009-12-22 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72774 |
From: Maxima Valeria Messallina |
Date: 2009-12-23 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72775 |
From: Maxima Valeria Messallina |
Date: 2009-12-23 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72776 |
From: petronius_dexter |
Date: 2009-12-23 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72777 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-23 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72778 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-23 |
Subject: Re: Last report of the Senate session. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72779 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-23 |
Subject: Re: respecting the gods [was Last report of the Senate session.] |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72780 |
From: marcushoratius |
Date: 2009-12-23 |
Subject: a. d. X Kalendas Ianuarias: LARENTALIA, Hercules, Diana, Juno Regina |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72781 |
From: Marcus Iulius Scaeva |
Date: 2009-12-23 |
Subject: Re: respecting the gods [was Last report of the Senate session.] |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72782 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-23 |
Subject: "Tis The Season |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72783 |
From: David Kling |
Date: 2009-12-23 |
Subject: Re: "Tis The Season |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72784 |
From: Colin Brodd |
Date: 2009-12-23 |
Subject: Re: "Tis The Season |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72785 |
From: John Citron |
Date: 2009-12-23 |
Subject: Re: "Tis The Season |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72786 |
From: Sabinus |
Date: 2009-12-23 |
Subject: Re: "Tis The Season |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72787 |
From: rory12001 |
Date: 2009-12-23 |
Subject: Re: "Tis The Season |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72788 |
From: Publius Ullerius Stephanus Venator |
Date: 2009-12-23 |
Subject: Venator's Pater... |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72789 |
From: Marcus Iulius Scaeva |
Date: 2009-12-23 |
Subject: Re: Venator's Pater... |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72790 |
From: Gnaeus Equitius Marinus |
Date: 2009-12-23 |
Subject: Re: Venator's Pater... |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72791 |
From: Vladimir Popov |
Date: 2009-12-24 |
Subject: Re: "Tis The Season |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72792 |
From: QFabiusMaxmi@aol.com |
Date: 2009-12-24 |
Subject: Re: respecting the gods [was Last report of the Senate sess... |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72793 |
From: marcushoratius |
Date: 2009-12-24 |
Subject: a. d. IX Kalendas Ianuarias: Eve of Natalis Soli Invicti |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72794 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-24 |
Subject: Re: Venator's Pater... |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72795 |
From: Ares |
Date: 2009-12-24 |
Subject: Merry Christmas! |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72796 |
From: Bruno Cantermi |
Date: 2009-12-24 |
Subject: Dies Natalis Christi: Merry Christmas |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72797 |
From: C.Maria Caeca |
Date: 2009-12-24 |
Subject: Best of the season! |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72798 |
From: Lucius Quirinus |
Date: 2009-12-24 |
Subject: R: [Nova-Roma] Dies Natalis Christi/dies Natalis Sol Invictus,.. |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72799 |
From: Vladimir |
Date: 2009-12-24 |
Subject: Ulpia Pautalia 2010 - Festival of Antiquity in Bulgaria |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72800 |
From: robert partlow-chumley |
Date: 2009-12-24 |
Subject: Re: "Tis The Season |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72801 |
From: C.Maria Caeca |
Date: 2009-12-24 |
Subject: new project |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72802 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-24 |
Subject: Felicam Diem Natalem Christi |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72803 |
From: luciaiuliaaquila |
Date: 2009-12-24 |
Subject: Dies Natalis Christi: Merry Christmas to all Christian Cives, amÃca |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72804 |
From: Gnaeus Equitius Marinus |
Date: 2009-12-24 |
Subject: Re: "Tis The Season |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72805 |
From: rory12001 |
Date: 2009-12-24 |
Subject: Re: respecting the gods [was Last report of the Senate sess... |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72806 |
From: Rob Karnis |
Date: 2009-12-24 |
Subject: Merry Mithras! |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72807 |
From: aerdensrw |
Date: 2009-12-24 |
Subject: Re: Venator's Pater... |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72808 |
From: aerdensrw |
Date: 2009-12-24 |
Subject: Re: Merry Mithras! |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72809 |
From: aerdensrw |
Date: 2009-12-24 |
Subject: Re: "Tis The Season |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72810 |
From: tojackso |
Date: 2009-12-24 |
Subject: Invitation to Kyklos Apollon Worship |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72811 |
From: rory12001 |
Date: 2009-12-25 |
Subject: Re: Invitation to Kyklos Apollon Worship |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72812 |
From: marcushoratius |
Date: 2009-12-25 |
Subject: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72813 |
From: Lucius Quirinus |
Date: 2009-12-25 |
Subject: R: [Nova-Roma] Felicam Diem Natalem Christi et Sol Invictus et Mithr |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72814 |
From: James Mathews |
Date: 2009-12-25 |
Subject: Townhouse Villa |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72815 |
From: James Hooper |
Date: 2009-12-25 |
Subject: Re: Townhouse Villa |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72816 |
From: James Mathews |
Date: 2009-12-25 |
Subject: "Pilum X" and "Roman Times Quarterly" |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72817 |
From: James Mathews |
Date: 2009-12-25 |
Subject: Re: Townhouse Villa |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72818 |
From: Christer Edling |
Date: 2009-12-25 |
Subject: Re: Townhouse Villa |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72819 |
From: Christer Edling |
Date: 2009-12-25 |
Subject: Re: Townhouse Villa |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72820 |
From: marcus.lucretius |
Date: 2009-12-25 |
Subject: Re: Invitation to Kyklos Apollon Worship |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72821 |
From: marcus.lucretius |
Date: 2009-12-25 |
Subject: Antikythera mechanism in Sci-Am |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72822 |
From: marcushoratius |
Date: 2009-12-26 |
Subject: a. d. VII Kalendas Ianuarias: Solsticial Birth, Death, and Rebirth o |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72823 |
From: Maxima Valeria Messallina |
Date: 2009-12-26 |
Subject: Re: Townhouse Villa |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72824 |
From: romanengineer |
Date: 2009-12-26 |
Subject: Re: Townhouse Villa |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72825 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-26 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72826 |
From: rory12001 |
Date: 2009-12-26 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72827 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-26 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72828 |
From: rory12001 |
Date: 2009-12-26 |
Subject: a. d. VII Kalendas Ianuarias: Solsticial Birth, Death, and Rebirth o |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72829 |
From: L. Livia Plauta |
Date: 2009-12-26 |
Subject: Re: Ulpia Pautalia 2010 - Festival of Antiquity in Bulgaria |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72830 |
From: marcushoratius |
Date: 2009-12-27 |
Subject: a. d. VI Kalendas Ianuarias: Battle of the Trebbia River |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72831 |
From: marcushoratius |
Date: 2009-12-27 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72833 |
From: Gnaeus Equitius Marinus |
Date: 2009-12-27 |
Subject: Virus Warning |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72834 |
From: John Citron |
Date: 2009-12-27 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72835 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-27 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72836 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-27 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72837 |
From: David Kling |
Date: 2009-12-27 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72838 |
From: rory12001 |
Date: 2009-12-27 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72839 |
From: marcushoratius |
Date: 2009-12-27 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72840 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-27 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72841 |
From: Marcus Iulius Scaeva |
Date: 2009-12-27 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72842 |
From: Marcus Iulius Scaeva |
Date: 2009-12-27 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72843 |
From: Marcus Iulius Scaeva |
Date: 2009-12-27 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72844 |
From: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus |
Date: 2009-12-27 |
Subject: Belated Merry Christmas! |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72845 |
From: rory12001 |
Date: 2009-12-27 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72846 |
From: Marcus Iulius Scaeva |
Date: 2009-12-27 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72847 |
From: David Kling |
Date: 2009-12-27 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72848 |
From: L. Livia Plauta |
Date: 2009-12-27 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72849 |
From: Cato |
Date: 2009-12-27 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72850 |
From: rory12001 |
Date: 2009-12-27 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72851 |
From: marcus.lucretius |
Date: 2009-12-27 |
Subject: The New Year |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72852 |
From: petronius_dexter |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: Re: Belated Merry Saturnalia! |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72853 |
From: Titus Flavius Aquila |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: AW: [Nova-Roma] Jesus Christ a Roman God ? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72854 |
From: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: R: AW: [Nova-Roma] Jesus Christ a Roman God ? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72855 |
From: T. Fl. Severus |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: Re: Ulpia Pautalia 2010 - Festival of Antiquity in Bulgaria |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72856 |
From: Marcus Iulius Scaeva |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: Re: The New Year |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72857 |
From: marcushoratius |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: a. d. V Kalendas Ianuarias: Ancus Martius |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72858 |
From: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: R: [Nova-Roma] Dies Natalis Christi: Merry Christmas to all Christia |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72859 |
From: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: R: [Nova-Roma] Felicam Diem Natalem Christi |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72860 |
From: Titus Flavius Aquila |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: AW: R: AW: [Nova-Roma] Jesus Christ a Roman God ? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72861 |
From: rory12001 |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: Re: R: AW: [Nova-Roma] Jesus Christ a Roman God ? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72862 |
From: petronius_dexter |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: Re: Jesus Christ a Roman God ? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72863 |
From: David Kling |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: Re: AW: [Nova-Roma] Jesus Christ a Roman God ? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72864 |
From: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: Re: Jesus Christ a Roman God ? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72865 |
From: petronius_dexter |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: Re: R: AW: [Nova-Roma] Jesus Christ a Roman God ? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72867 |
From: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: Re: R: AW: [Nova-Roma] Jesus Christ a Roman God ? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72868 |
From: Timothy or Stephen Gallagher |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: Absence |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72869 |
From: James Mathews |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: Re: R: AW: [Nova-Roma] Jesus Christ a Roman God ? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72870 |
From: rory12001 |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: Re: R: AW: [Nova-Roma] Jesus Christ a Roman God ? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72871 |
From: petronius_dexter |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: Re: Jesus Christ a Roman God ? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72872 |
From: C.Maria Caeca |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: Re: Jesus Christ a Roman God ? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72873 |
From: petronius_dexter |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: Re: R: AW: [Nova-Roma] Jesus Christ a Roman God ? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72874 |
From: petronius_dexter |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: Re: R: AW: [Nova-Roma] Jesus Christ a Roman God ? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72875 |
From: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: Re: R: AW: [Nova-Roma] Jesus Christ a Roman God ? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72876 |
From: Vladimir Popov |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: Re: Ulpia Pautalia 2010 - Festival of Antiquity in Bulgaria |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72877 |
From: Nova-Roma@yahoogroups.com |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: Posting rules in this Forum, 12/28/2009, 11:45 pm |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72878 |
From: QFabiusMaxmi@aol.com |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: Re: AW: [Nova-Roma] Jesus Christ a Roman God ? |
|
Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72879 |
From: mcorvvs |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: Re: Ulpia Pautalia 2010 - Festival of Antiquity in Bulgaria |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72880 |
From: rory12001 |
Date: 2009-12-28 |
Subject: Re: Ulpia Pautalia 2010 - Festival of Antiquity in Bulgaria |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72881 |
From: Charlie Collins |
Date: 2009-12-29 |
Subject: Collins Latin Dictionary |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72882 |
From: marcus.lucretius |
Date: 2009-12-29 |
Subject: Re: Collins Latin Dictionary |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72883 |
From: rory12001 |
Date: 2009-12-29 |
Subject: Re: The New Year |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72884 |
From: C. Curius Saturninus |
Date: 2009-12-29 |
Subject: Attention graphic designers, NR needs your help! |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72885 |
From: A. Tullia Scholastica |
Date: 2009-12-29 |
Subject: Re: Collins Latin Dictionary |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72886 |
From: marcushoratius |
Date: 2009-12-29 |
Subject: a. d. IV Kalendas Ianuarias: Compitalia |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72887 |
From: petronius_dexter |
Date: 2009-12-29 |
Subject: Re: Collins Latin Dictionary |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72888 |
From: L. Livia Plauta |
Date: 2009-12-29 |
Subject: Re: R: AW: [Nova-Roma] Jesus Christ a Roman God ? |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72889 |
From: A. Tullia Scholastica |
Date: 2009-12-29 |
Subject: Re: R: AW: [Nova-Roma] Jesus Christ a Roman God ? |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72890 |
From: marcushoratius |
Date: 2009-12-30 |
Subject: a. d. III Kalendas Ianuarias: Birth of Titus Flavius |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72891 |
From: marcushoratius |
Date: 2009-12-30 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72892 |
From: iohannkn |
Date: 2009-12-30 |
Subject: Re: R: AW: [Nova-Roma] Jesus Christ a Roman God ? |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72893 |
From: Lyn Dowling |
Date: 2009-12-30 |
Subject: Re: R: AW: [Nova-Roma] Jesus Christ a Roman God ? |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72894 |
From: James Mathews |
Date: 2009-12-30 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72895 |
From: marcushoratius |
Date: 2009-12-31 |
Subject: Re: a. d. VIII Kalendas Ianuarias: Sol Invictus; Natalis Mithrae |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72896 |
From: marcushoratius |
Date: 2009-12-31 |
Subject: Pridie Kaldas Ianuarias: Commodus, and the film "Gladiator" |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72897 |
From: publiusalbucius |
Date: 2009-12-31 |
Subject: On the situation of moderated members |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72898 |
From: Gnaeus Equitius Marinus |
Date: 2009-12-31 |
Subject: Senate Call |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72899 |
From: Christer Edling |
Date: 2009-12-31 |
Subject: Happy New Year! |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72900 |
From: luciaiuliaaquila |
Date: 2009-12-31 |
Subject: Re: Happy New Year! Fortuna tecum sit per Annum Novum |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72901 |
From: GAIUS MARCIUS CRISPUS |
Date: 2009-12-31 |
Subject: Happy New Year |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72902 |
From: C.Maria Caeca |
Date: 2009-12-31 |
Subject: Re: Happy New Year |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72903 |
From: marcus.lucretius |
Date: 2009-12-31 |
Subject: Re: Happy New Year! |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72904 |
From: James Mathews |
Date: 2009-12-31 |
Subject: My Thanks |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72905 |
From: rory12001 |
Date: 2009-12-31 |
Subject: Re: Happy New Year! |
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Group: Nova-Roma |
Message: 72906 |
From: Robin Marquardt |
Date: 2009-12-31 |
Subject: Re: Happy New Year |
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M. Moravius Piscinus Horatianus Quiritibus, cultoribus Deorum et omnibus salutem plurimam dicit: Io Saturnalia! Io Triumphe!
Hodie est ante diem X Kalendas Ianuaras; haec dies nefastus piaculum est: Saturnalia; Larentalia; feriae Iovi, Herculi, Dianae, Iunoni
Reginae, Tempestatibus; Capra occidit mane, tempestatem significat.
"Come hither, Hercules, who, now free of your obligations, may choose whether to live in your native Argos and spurn death as Eurystheus buried in his tomb, or whether your virtue has won you a place among the stars beneath the throne of your father Jupiter, and Hebe, better than Phrygian Ganymede, with her robe girded, offers you a cup of blessed nectar to drink, come hither, and grace this newly dedicated temple with the presence of your genius." ~ Statius Silvae 3.1.23-28
LARENTALIA
Along the Nova Via, just outside the Porta Romanula, the tomb of Acca Larentia was found on the Velabrum (Varro, Linga Latinae 6.23). In
life she was the Vestal Virgin Gaia Taracia. The lex Horatia bestowed many honors upon her. Among them was the privilege to testify in a
court of law, as other women were not at the time. This may be the origin of the praetorian edict issued annually that ordered that no Vestal Virgin could be compelled to offer an oath. "Besides, at the age of forty, if she wished to leave her priesthood to marry, this privilege was also granted to her in gratitude for her generosity and kindness in presenting to the People the Campus Tiberinus or Martius. A day was consecrated to her and sacrifices offered in the manner of a parentatio for the dead." (Gellius, Noctes Atticae 7.7).
Another story, originating with Masurius Sabinus, made Acca Larentia the woman who nursed Romulus and Remus after their miraculous
discovery on the shore of the River Tiber. Antias claimed she was a prostitute, what the Romans would refer to as a lupa, which may be the origin of the story that the Divine Twins were suckled by a she-wolf. Masurius wrote, "This woman, who had twelve sons, lost one of them by death. In his place Romulus gave himself to Acca as a son, and called himself and her other sons Fratres Arvales. Since that time there have always been a college of Arvales, twelve in number, and the insignia of the priesthood are a garland of wheat ears and white fillets of wool (ibid.)." This story on the origin of the Fratres Arvales was an invention from the time that Augustus first established this priesthood. The only reference to fraters Arvales that dates to the Republican era is a quick mention by Varro to Romulus and Remus where it would seem he indicates them performing ritual sowing as did the Semones, a dual priesthood found at other cities of Latium and among the Sabines. But along with this story is another recognition that Larentia willed her land to Romulus, and from him the campus Tiberinus became land worked by the People to support their kings. Later, with the expulsion of the Tarquinii, this became public land as the Campus Martius.
On this day the flamen Quirinalis performed the parentatio for Larentia. He stood in for Romulus, as though performing rites for his parent. Attending were the pontifices and flamines, and we must assume the Vestales Virgines as well since Larentia was identified as a Vestal, like the mother of Romulus, Rhea Silvia. Also the Vestales would be expected at this rite due to their presence at other rites performed by the flamen Quirinalis, as well as his special care for the sacred objects entrusted to the Vestales Virgines (Livy 5.40.7-8). Offerings for the Lares included water that they might cleanse. Garlands of flowers were always brought to them, violets and red roses most often. Candles were lit for the Lares. Oil, salt, whole grain, fruits and vegetables were offered as though supplying their larders. Libations of wine or of milk mixed with honey. Far cakes, roasted lamb and whatever other simple fare the Romans had they shared with their Lares.
"For they placate the Gods with first offerings and tastes of their own diet, the more simply, the more effectively." ~ Valerius Maximus 2.5.5
While addressing the Lares, the right hand is held manus prona, rather than manus supina. That is, the palm of the right hand would be held facing downward over the focus of an altar or a pit into which sacrifices were offered. As a general rule, offerings to the Manes was made using the left hand, unlike when sacrificing to celestial or terrestrial deities (Statius Thebaid 4.502-3). The heroic Lares are regarded as celestials; Ovid spoke of them as the lesser gods of the heavens, the lights of their homes along the Milky Way seen to form a celestial Via Sacra. In performing a parentatio Romans made the gesture called an adoratio. An adoratio is "gratia manus labris admovere," "to move one's (right) hand to his lips in
gratitude (Minucius Felix Octavius II.4; Apuleius, Apologia 56 de Aemiliano)." The right hand is held in a loose fist and brought to the mouth with a slight twist at the waist, where a kiss is placed on the side of the index finger, and then, with another slight twisting movement, the hand is touched to an altar or to the feet of a statue. The reason for the gesture is explained:
"To their supplications they add to touch the altar with outstretched hand, when they make adorations at the altars because in the altars
the vital force of the Manes moves strongly (Pliny H. N. 11.250)."
AUC 494 / 259 BCE: Dedication of the Temple of the Tempestes outside the Porta Capena.
"Thanks be to Neptunus and to the Tempestates, for returning me safe to my home again, my venture a success!" ~ Plautus, Stichus 402-403
AUC 574 / 179 BCE: Two temples were dedicated on the same day for Diana and Juno Regina, both in the Circus Flaminium
"I sing in thanks for the gifts of the Gods, and for those gifts, O Diana, which are under Your auspices, for those skills in which
hunters delight." ~ Grattius Faliscus, Cynegetica 1-2
"The other consul, M. Aemilius, destroyed and burnt the farms and villages of the Ligurians who dwelt in the lowland country the inhabitants having previously fled and taken possession of the heights of Ballista and Suismontium. He then attacked them on the mountains, harassing them with skirmishes, and at last forcing them into a regular engagement, in which he completely defeated them. During the battle he vowed a temple to Diana. As all the tribes south of the Apennines were now subjugated, Aemilius advanced against those on the other side of the range, including those of the Freniates with whom C. Flaminius had not been in touch. He reduced them all to submission, deprived them of their arms and brought down the whole population from the mountains into the plains. After establishing peace in Liguria he led his army into Gaul and made a road from Placentia to Ariminum to join the Via Flaminia. In the last pitched battle he fought in Liguria he vowed a temple to Queen Juno. These were the events of the year in Liguria." ~ Titus Livius 39.2.11 ff
"One of the censors, M. Aemilius, asked the senate for a sum of money to be decreed for the Games on the occasion of the dedication of Queen Juno and Diana, which he had vowed eight years previously, during the Ligurian war. A sum of 20,000 ases was granted. He dedicated the temples which both stood in the Circus Flaminius, and exhibited scenic Games for three days after the dedication of the temple of Juno, and for two days after the dedication of the temple of Diana." ~ Titus Livius 40.52
"Why is it that, although there are many shrines of Diana in Rome, the only one into which men may not enter is the shrine in the so-called Vicus Patricius? Is it because of the current legend? For a man attempted to violate a woman who was here worshipping the Goddess, and was torn to pieces by the dogs; and men do not enter because of the superstitious fear that arose from this occurrence." ~ Plutarch, Roman Questions 3
Our thought for today comes from Titus Livius, Ab Urbs Condita 30.30.7
"To take hold of it, rather than allow the opportunity to slip away, is how to solve a problem"
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M. Moravius Piscinus Horatianus Quiritibus, cultoribus Deorum et omnibus salutem plurimam dicit:
Hodie est ante diem VII Kalendas Ianuarias; haec dies comitialis est:
The Birth, Death and Rebirth of Adonis
The fourth [Venus] we obtained from Syria and Cyprus, who is called Astarte; it is recorded that She married Adonis ~ M. Tullius Cicero, De Natura Deorum 3.23 (59)
Adonis is the Greek form of the Semetic term for "Lord," just as Adonai was used in Hebrew for the God of Jerusalem. Levantine Adonis referred back to the good shepherd Tammuz (Dumuzid) who was said to have been born at Bethlehem at the time of the winter solstice, 25 December. In fact the Christian hermit Jerome, who authored the Vulgate, lived in Bethlehem and stated that there was a sacred grove in which Adonis was believed to have been born and discovered by shepherds, the very same grove, said Jerome, that Jesus was later said to be born. The Akkadian Goddess Ishtar, Sumerian Inana, was the Syrian Goddess of Love called Astarte. She took Adonis/Tammuz as Her mortal lover. According to Jerome, upon the eventual death of Adonis, Astarte wept in the Garden of Gesemane at the foot of the Mount of Olives outside Jerusalem, mourning the loss of Adonis around the time of the summer solstice. His death was thus mourned at the Temple of Jerusalem just as it was mourned throughout the Levantine and into Mesopotamia (Ezek. 8:14-15). In Greek myth Astarte was identified with Aphrodite and Adonis/Tammuz was the son born by the virgin Myrrha after her transformation into the myrrh tree. Thus was recognized in the myth of Adonis, born from a tree trunk, an element related to the story of Isis discovering the body of Osiris in a tree trunk at Byblos. Lucian of Samosata wrote about the Levantine Astarte as the Dea Syria, and told us something about the connection made with Adonis there at Her temple in Byblos.
"I saw too at Byblos a large temple, sacred to Aphrodite of Byblos [Astarte]: this is the scene of the secret rites of Adonis: I mastered these. They assert that the legend about Adonis and the wild boar is true, and that the facts occurred in their country, and in memory of this calamity they beat their breasts and wail every year, and perform their secret ritual amid signs of mourning through the whole countryside. When they have finished their mourning and wailing, they sacrifice in the first place to Adonis, as to one who has departed this life: after this they allege that he is alive again, and exhibit his effigy to the sky."
"There is, too, another marvelous portent in the region of Byblos. A river, flowing from Mount Libanus, discharges itself into the sea: this river bears the name of Adonis. Every year regularly it is tinged with blood, and loses its proper colour before it falls into the sea: it dyes the sea, to a large space, red: and thus announces their time of mourning to the Byblians. Their story is that during these days Adonis is wounded, and that the river's nature is changed by the blood which flows into its waters; and that it takes its name from this blood." ~ Lucian of Samosata, De Deae Syriae 6; 8
The cultus for Adonis extended back to Sumeria, Babylon, and Assyria, where we find the mourning rituals described in myth.
"She can make the lament for you, my Dumuzid, the lament for you, the lament, the lamentation, reach the desert — She can make it reach the house Arali; She can make it reach Bad-tibira; She can make it reach Dul-šuba; She can make it reach the shepherding country, the sheepfold of Dumuzid. 'O Dumuzid of the fair-spoken mouth, of the ever kind eyes,' She sobs tearfully, 'O you of the fair-spoken mouth, of the ever kind eyes," She sobs tearfully. "Lad, husband, lord, sweet as the date, [. . . ] O Dumuzid!' She sobs, She sobs tearfully." ~ Nippur tablet 4486
The story of Venus' love for Adonis, and then that of his death is later elaborated by Ovid.
"Delighted with the beauty of the youth, [Venus] does not think of her Cytherian shores and does not care for Paphos, which is girt by the deep sea, nor Cnidos, haunts of fish, nor Amathus far-famed for precious ores. Venus, neglecting heaven, prefers Adonis to heaven, and so she holds close to his ways as his companion, and forgets to rest at noon-day in the shade, neglecting care of her sweet beauty. She goes through the woods, and over mountain ridges and wild fields, rocky and thorn-set, bare to her white knees after Diana's manner. And she cheers the hounds, intent to hunt for harmless prey, such as the leaping hare, or the wild stag, high-crowned with branching antlers, or the doe. [Venus] keeps away from fierce wild boars, away from ravenous wolves; and she avoids the bears of frightful claws, and lions glutted with the blood of slaughtered cattle. She warns you, Adonis, to beware and fear them. If her fears for you were only heeded! 'Oh be brave,' she says, 'against those timid animals which fly from you; but courage is not safe against the bold. Dear boy, do not be rash, do not attack the wild beasts which are armed by nature, lest your glory may cost me great sorrow. Neither youth nor beauty nor the deeds which have moved Venus have effect on lions, bristling boars, and on the eyes and tempers of wild beasts. Boars have the force of lightning in their curved tusks, and the rage of tawny lions is unlimited. I fear and hate them all.'" ~ P. Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses 10. 834
"but his rash courage would not heed advice. By chance his dogs, which followed a sure track, aroused a wild boar from his hiding place; and, as he rushed out from his forest lair, Adonis pierced him with a glancing stroke. Infuriate, the fierce boar's curved snout first struck the spear-shaft from his bleeding side; and, while the trembling youth was seeking where to find a safe retreat, the savage beast raced after him, until at last he sank his deadly tusk deep in Adonis' groin; and stretched him dying on the yellow sand." ~ P. Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses 10. 1118-1129
Although the Goddess then flew to his side, She was unable to save his mortal life. The shepherd, born from a tree, died pinned to a tree. Venus was first to offer Adonis rites for the dead. And by spreading nectar over his blood
"when from Adonis, blood, exactly of its color, a loved flower sprang up, such as pomegranates give to us, small trees which later hide their seeds beneath a tough rind. But the joy it gives to man is short-lived, for the winds which give the flower its name, Anemone, shake it right down, because its slender hold, always so weak, lets it fall to the ground from its frail stem." ~ P. Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses 10. 1155-1163
But this was not the end of the story. Venus sought to resurrect Adonis and the council of the Gods allowed this. But by the time Venus went to collect Adonis from the land of the Dead, Proserpina had already fallen in love with the beautiful youth, and thus was reluctant to let hiim leave. Jupiter eventually got both Goddesses to concede to a compromise whereby Adonis would spend half the year in death, from summer soltice to winter solstice, with Proserpina. Then at winter solstice he would resurrect into life once more. The original Tammuz was thus a dying and resurrecting God of vegetation, like Osiris of Egypt, Palas of Lybia, and a number of similar deities known in the Roman empire. The worship of Adonis retained this vegetative aspect in that mourners would plant seeds in pots at summer solstice, allowing them to quickly sprout, and then placed these to sail down river as they quickly wilted in the summer heat. But Greek Adonis then took on other aspects, like a number of mystery deities, where his annual rebirth represented a spiritual renewal of his followers. Celebrated then was the Good Shepherd Adonis, born to a virgin in a sacred grotto in Bethlehem at winter solstice, bringing hope for the New Year.
More can be found on Adonis and his worship in Frazer's Golden Bough at http://www.bartleby.com/196/80.html
Today's thought comes from Sallustius, On the Godsand the World 21:
"Souls that have lived in virtue are in general happy, and when separated from the irrational part of their nature, and made clean from all matter, have communion with the Gods and join them in the governing of the whole world. Yet even if none of this happiness fell to their lot, virtue itself, and the joy and glory of virtue, and the life that is subject to no grief and no master are enough to make happy those who have set themselves to live according to virtue and have achieved it."
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Salvete Piscine Omnesque;
Apropos Venus and Adonis. Earlier this fall I was researching the mysteries of Cybele and Atthis and reading Munn's book.
The Mother of the Gods
Mark Henderson Munn. (2006). University of California Press
He's a classicist familiar with semitic languages and Near Eastern scholarship and he traces Venus/Cybele and Attis/Adonis right back to Kubaba of Carchemish.
Near Eastern kingship was based on worship of the powerful goddess with the king being her consort and lying with her to ensure the wellbeing of the state and fruitfulness. The sacred sex was performed in a garden sacred to the goddess and the king was poetically called her 'shepheard.' Eventually the king would die, and there would be mass ritual mourning: the mourning for Adonis/Attis.
And he would be reborn, reincarnated. into another king to ensure the state's wellbeing and fertility.
So this is what the Hebrew Song of Songs is about, the Garden of Eden is the garden of the goddess, the king's garden where sacred sex took place, the entire importance of shepheard imagery in Near Eastern religion. This is all well-established scholarship about Near Eastern kingship. Munn makes the connection to Greek and Roman religion, brilliantly.
Magna Mater is quite rightly the protectess of Rome and I look forward to this years Megalesia to give this goddess her due!
bene valete in pacem Soli
Maior
In Nova-Roma@yahoogroups.com, "marcushoratius" <MHoratius@...> wrote:
>
> M. Moravius Piscinus Horatianus Quiritibus, cultoribus Deorum et omnibus salutem plurimam dicit:
>
> Hodie est ante diem VII Kalendas Ianuarias; haec dies comitialis est:
>
> The Birth, Death and Rebirth of Adonis
>
> The fourth [Venus] we obtained from Syria and Cyprus, who is called Astarte; it is recorded that She married Adonis ~ M. Tullius Cicero, De Natura Deorum 3.23 (59)
>
> Adonis is the Greek form of the Semetic term for "Lord," just as Adonai was used in Hebrew for the God of Jerusalem. Levantine Adonis referred back to the good shepherd Tammuz (Dumuzid) who was said to have been born at Bethlehem at the time of the winter solstice, 25 December. In fact the Christian hermit Jerome, who authored the Vulgate, lived in Bethlehem and stated that there was a sacred grove in which Adonis was believed to have been born and discovered by shepherds, the very same grove, said Jerome, that Jesus was later said to be born. The Akkadian Goddess Ishtar, Sumerian Inana, was the Syrian Goddess of Love called Astarte. She took Adonis/Tammuz as Her mortal lover. According to Jerome, upon the eventual death of Adonis, Astarte wept in the Garden of Gesemane at the foot of the Mount of Olives outside Jerusalem, mourning the loss of Adonis around the time of the summer solstice. His death was thus mourned at the Temple of Jerusalem just as it was mourned throughout the Levantine and into Mesopotamia (Ezek. 8:14-15). In Greek myth Astarte was identified with Aphrodite and Adonis/Tammuz was the son born by the virgin Myrrha after her transformation into the myrrh tree. Thus was recognized in the myth of Adonis, born from a tree trunk, an element related to the story of Isis discovering the body of Osiris in a tree trunk at Byblos. Lucian of Samosata wrote about the Levantine Astarte as the Dea Syria, and told us something about the connection made with Adonis there at Her temple in Byblos.
>
> "I saw too at Byblos a large temple, sacred to Aphrodite of Byblos [Astarte]: this is the scene of the secret rites of Adonis: I mastered these. They assert that the legend about Adonis and the wild boar is true, and that the facts occurred in their country, and in memory of this calamity they beat their breasts and wail every year, and perform their secret ritual amid signs of mourning through the whole countryside. When they have finished their mourning and wailing, they sacrifice in the first place to Adonis, as to one who has departed this life: after this they allege that he is alive again, and exhibit his effigy to the sky."
>
> "There is, too, another marvelous portent in the region of Byblos. A river, flowing from Mount Libanus, discharges itself into the sea: this river bears the name of Adonis. Every year regularly it is tinged with blood, and loses its proper colour before it falls into the sea: it dyes the sea, to a large space, red: and thus announces their time of mourning to the Byblians. Their story is that during these days Adonis is wounded, and that the river's nature is changed by the blood which flows into its waters; and that it takes its name from this blood." ~ Lucian of Samosata, De Deae Syriae 6; 8
>
> The cultus for Adonis extended back to Sumeria, Babylon, and Assyria, where we find the mourning rituals described in myth.
>
> "She can make the lament for you, my Dumuzid, the lament for you, the lament, the lamentation, reach the desert — She can make it reach the house Arali; She can make it reach Bad-tibira; She can make it reach Dul-šuba; She can make it reach the shepherding country, the sheepfold of Dumuzid. 'O Dumuzid of the fair-spoken mouth, of the ever kind eyes,' She sobs tearfully, 'O you of the fair-spoken mouth, of the ever kind eyes," She sobs tearfully. "Lad, husband, lord, sweet as the date, [. . . ] O Dumuzid!' She sobs, She sobs tearfully." ~ Nippur tablet 4486
>
> The story of Venus' love for Adonis, and then that of his death is later elaborated by Ovid.
>
> "Delighted with the beauty of the youth, [Venus] does not think of her Cytherian shores and does not care for Paphos, which is girt by the deep sea, nor Cnidos, haunts of fish, nor Amathus far-famed for precious ores. Venus, neglecting heaven, prefers Adonis to heaven, and so she holds close to his ways as his companion, and forgets to rest at noon-day in the shade, neglecting care of her sweet beauty. She goes through the woods, and over mountain ridges and wild fields, rocky and thorn-set, bare to her white knees after Diana's manner. And she cheers the hounds, intent to hunt for harmless prey, such as the leaping hare, or the wild stag, high-crowned with branching antlers, or the doe. [Venus] keeps away from fierce wild boars, away from ravenous wolves; and she avoids the bears of frightful claws, and lions glutted with the blood of slaughtered cattle. She warns you, Adonis, to beware and fear them. If her fears for you were only heeded! 'Oh be brave,' she says, 'against those timid animals which fly from you; but courage is not safe against the bold. Dear boy, do not be rash, do not attack the wild beasts which are armed by nature, lest your glory may cost me great sorrow. Neither youth nor beauty nor the deeds which have moved Venus have effect on lions, bristling boars, and on the eyes and tempers of wild beasts. Boars have the force of lightning in their curved tusks, and the rage of tawny lions is unlimited. I fear and hate them all.'" ~ P. Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses 10. 834
>
> "but his rash courage would not heed advice. By chance his dogs, which followed a sure track, aroused a wild boar from his hiding place; and, as he rushed out from his forest lair, Adonis pierced him with a glancing stroke. Infuriate, the fierce boar's curved snout first struck the spear-shaft from his bleeding side; and, while the trembling youth was seeking where to find a safe retreat, the savage beast raced after him, until at last he sank his deadly tusk deep in Adonis' groin; and stretched him dying on the yellow sand." ~ P. Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses 10. 1118-1129
>
> Although the Goddess then flew to his side, She was unable to save his mortal life. The shepherd, born from a tree, died pinned to a tree. Venus was first to offer Adonis rites for the dead. And by spreading nectar over his blood
>
> "when from Adonis, blood, exactly of its color, a loved flower sprang up, such as pomegranates give to us, small trees which later hide their seeds beneath a tough rind. But the joy it gives to man is short-lived, for the winds which give the flower its name, Anemone, shake it right down, because its slender hold, always so weak, lets it fall to the ground from its frail stem." ~ P. Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses 10. 1155-1163
>
> But this was not the end of the story. Venus sought to resurrect Adonis and the council of the Gods allowed this. But by the time Venus went to collect Adonis from the land of the Dead, Proserpina had already fallen in love with the beautiful youth, and thus was reluctant to let hiim leave. Jupiter eventually got both Goddesses to concede to a compromise whereby Adonis would spend half the year in death, from summer soltice to winter solstice, with Proserpina. Then at winter solstice he would resurrect into life once more. The original Tammuz was thus a dying and resurrecting God of vegetation, like Osiris of Egypt, Palas of Lybia, and a number of similar deities known in the Roman empire. The worship of Adonis retained this vegetative aspect in that mourners would plant seeds in pots at summer solstice, allowing them to quickly sprout, and then placed these to sail down river as they quickly wilted in the summer heat. But Greek Adonis then took on other aspects, like a number of mystery deities, where his annual rebirth represented a spiritual renewal of his followers. Celebrated then was the Good Shepherd Adonis, born to a virgin in a sacred grotto in Bethlehem at winter solstice, bringing hope for the New Year.
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> More can be found on Adonis and his worship in Frazer's Golden Bough at http://www.bartleby.com/196/80.html
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> Today's thought comes from Sallustius, On the Godsand the World 21:
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> "Souls that have lived in virtue are in general happy, and when separated from the irrational part of their nature, and made clean from all matter, have communion with the Gods and join them in the governing of the whole world. Yet even if none of this happiness fell to their lot, virtue itself, and the joy and glory of virtue, and the life that is subject to no grief and no master are enough to make happy those who have set themselves to live according to virtue and have achieved it."
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M. Moravius Piscinus Horatianus Quiritibus, cultoribus Deorum et omnibus salutem plurimam dicit: Di vos salvam et servatam volunt.
Hodie est ante diem VI Kalendas Ianuarias; haec dies comitialis est: Delphinus incipit oriri mane, tempestatem significat.
AUC 535 / 218 BCE: Battle of the Trebbia
P. Cornelius Scipio had first met Hannibal in a cavalry engagement on the River Ticino, where Publius was outflanked by Numidian cavalry and was wounded. He, therefore, had fallen back to the Trebbia where he held Hannibal at bay. The other consul, Tiberius Sempronius Longus, had since marched his legions from Lilybaeum in Sicily to join Scipio on the Trebbia. Meanwhile Scipio's brother, Gnaeus Cornelius, had taken a fleet from the mouth of the Rhone, capturing coastal towns as far as the River Ebro, and then encamped for winter in preparation for a campaign in Hispania. P. Scipio advised Longus to wait in a defensive posture for next spring, as the winter in northern Italian would take a toll on Hannibal's African forces and cause his Gallic allies to desert him. Also P. Scipio wished to rejoin battle after he had healed from his wounds. But Longus was impatient. Waiting until spring before engaging in battle would mean that the consuls of the following year would likely be the ones to finish off Hannibal. Longus wanted that glory for himself, and so, at the time of the winter solstice, 25 December, or in the days following, Tiberius Longus rashly took an opportunity to engage the Carthaginians.
Tiberius, when he saw the Numidian horse approaching, sent out at first only his cavalry with orders to close with the enemy. He next dispatched about six thousand javelineers on foot and then began to move his whole army out of the camp, thinking that the mere sight of them would decide the issue, so much confidence did his superiority in numbers and the success of his cavalry on the previous day give him. The time of year was about the winter solstice, and the day exceedingly cold and snowy, while the men and horses nearly all left the camp without having had their morning meal. At first their enthusiasm and eagerness sustained them, but when they had to cross the Trebbia, swollen as it was owing to the rain that had fallen during the night higher up the valley than where the armies were, the infantry had great difficulty in crossing, as the water was breast-high. The consequence was that the whole force suffered much from cold and also from hunger, as the day was now advancing. 6 The Carthaginians, on the contrary, who had eaten and drunk in their tents and looked after their horses, were all anointing and arming themselves around their fires. 7 Hannibal, who was waiting for his opportunity, when he saw that the Romans had crossed the river, threw forward as a covering force his pikemen and slingers about eight thousand in number and led out his army. After advancing for about eight stades he drew up his infantry, about twenty thousand in number, and consisting of Spaniards, Celts, and Africans, in a single line, while he divided his cavalry, numbering, together with the Celtic allies, more than ten thousand, and stationed them on each wing, dividing also his elephants and placing them in front of the wings so that his flanks were doubly protected. Tiberius now recalled his cavalry, perceiving that they could not cope with the enemy, as the Numidians easily scattered and retreated, but afterwards wheeled round and attacked with great daring — these being their peculiar tactics. He drew up his infantry in the usual Roman order. They numbered about sixteen thousand Romans and twenty thousand allies, this being the strength of their complete army for decisive operations, when the Consuls chance to be united. Afterwards placing his cavalry, numbering about four thousand, on each wing he advanced on the enemy in imposing style marching in order at a slow step. When they were nearly at close quarters, the light-armed troops in the van of each army began the combat, and here the Romans labored under many disadvantages, the efficiency of the Carthaginians being much superior, since the Roman javelineers had had a hard time since daybreak, and had spent most of their missiles in the skirmish with the Numidians, while those they had left had been rendered useless by the continued wet weather. The cavalry and the whole army were in much the same state, whereas just the opposite was the case with the Carthaginians, who, standing in their ranks fresh and in first-rate condition, were ready to give efficient support wherever it was required. So when the skirmishers had retired through the gaps in their line and the heavy-armed infantry met, the Carthaginian cavalry at once pressed on both flanks of the enemy, being greatly superior in numbers and the condition of themselves and their horses, having, as I explained above, started quite fresh. When the Roman cavalry fell back and left the flanks of the infantry exposed, the Carthaginian pike-men and the Numidians in a body, dashing past their own troops that were in front of them, fell on the Romans from both flanks, damaging them severely and preventing them from dealing with the enemy in their front. The heavy-armed troops on both sides, who occupied the advanced centre of the whole formation, maintained for long a hand-to hand combat with no advantage on either side. But now the Numidians issued from their ambuscade and suddenly attacked the enemy's centre from the rear, upon which the whole Roman army was thrown into the utmost confusion and distress. At length both of Tiberius' wings, hard pressed in front by the light-armed troops, turned and were driven by their pursuers back on the river behind them. After this, while the rear of the Roman centre was suffering heavy loss from the attack of the ambuscade, those in the van, thus forced to advance, defeated the Celts and part of the Africans, and after killing many of them broke through the Carthaginian line. But seeing that both their flanks had been forced off the field, they despaired of giving help there and of returning to their camp, afraid as they were of the very numerous cavalry and hindered by the river and the force and heaviness of the rain which was pouring down on their heads. They kept, however, in close order and retired on Placentia, being not less than ten thousand in number. Of the remainder the greater part were killed near the river by the elephants and cavalry, but the few infantry who escaped and most of the cavalry retreated to join the body I just mentioned and with them got safely into Placentia. The Carthaginian army, after pursuing the enemy as far as the river, being unable to advance further owing to the storm, returned to their camp. They were all highly elated at the result of the battle, regarding it as a signal success; for very few Africans and Spaniards had been killed, the chief loss having fallen on the Celts. They suffered so severely, however, from the rain and the snow that followed that all the elephants perished except one, and many men and horses also died of the cold. ~ Polybius 3.72-74
The major factor in the Roman loss had been the weather. The Trebbia was more a series of rivulets than a wide river. The Romans repeatedly having to splash into its icy waters as they advanced became fatigued, about a third of the Roman force managing to break through the Carthaginian lines. Another Roman force was caught bogged down in the mud near the river, with wind coming down from the Alps pushing sleet into their faces as enemy archers harassed them. But the weather took a greater toll on the Carthaginians and in the end allowed the bulk of the Roman army to depart. As Livy explained it, "They were prevented by the river from returning to their camp, and the rain made it impossible for them to judge where they could best go to the assistance of their comrades, so they marched away straight to Placentia. Then desperate attempts to escape were made on all sides; some who made for the river were swept away by the current or caught by the enemy while hesitating to cross; others, scattered over the fields in flight, followed the track of the main retreat and sought Placentia; others, fearing the enemy more than the river, crossed it and reached their camp. The driving sleet and the intolerable cold caused the death of many men and baggage animals, and nearly all the elephants perished. The Carthaginians stopped their pursuit at the banks of the Trebbia and returned to their camp so benumbed with cold that they hardly felt any joy in their victory (21.56)." Although defeated in a minor engagement on the Tincio and again on the Trebbia, Rome was still in a good position to resist Hannibal in the coming year, while winter would only further weaken the Carthaginians at this stage of the war. What proved to be of greater importance was that Gnaeus Scipio had established a position for Rome in northern Hispania that would, over time, deprive Hannibal of much needed support. Thus, even though the war would drag on for many years, the strategic positions were set by the battle took place on the Trebbia.
Today's thought is from Seneca, Epistle VIII
"Hold fast, then, to this sound and wholesome rule of life - that you indulge the body only so far as is needful for good health. The body should be treated more rigorously, that it may not be disobedient to the mind. Eat merely to relieve your hunger; drink merely to quench your thirst; dress merely to keep out the cold; house yourself merely as a protection against personal discomfort. It matters little whether the house be built of turf, or of variously coloured imported marble; understand that a man is sheltered just as well by a thatch as by a roof of gold. Despise everything that useless toil creates as an ornament and an object of beauty. And reflect that nothing except the soul is worthy of wonder; for to the soul, "if it be great, naught is great."
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M. Moravius Piscinus Horatianus cultoribus Deorum, Quiritibus et omnibus salutem plurimam dicit: Diis bene iuvantibus simus.
Hodie est die pristini Kalendas Ianuarias; haec dies comitialis est: Tempestas ventosa.
To Roma
"Listen, O Roma, most beautiful Queen of Your world, welcomed amid the starry skies, listen, O Mother of humans, Mother of the Gods, thanks to Your temples we are not far from Heaven. Your name we chant, and shall, while the Fates allow, forever chant. None can be safe if forgetful of You. Sooner shall guilty oblivion befall the sun than the honor due You quit from my heart, for Your benefits extend as far as the rays of the sun, where the circling Ocean's flood bounds the world's shores. For You very Phoebus who holds together all things does revolve, his steeds which arise each morning within Your domains he sets once more to rest within Your domains. You have not been stayed by the scorching sands of Africa, nor has the Great Bear, armed with native cold, repulsed You. As far as living nature has stretched towards the poles, so far has earth opened a path for Your valor. For nations far apart You have made a single fatherland, held under Your dominion's sway has meant profit even for those who knew not justice before, and by offering to the vanquished a share in Your own justice, You have transformed what once was a world into a City." ~ Rutilius Claudius Namatianus, De Reditu suo 1.47-67
AUC 945 / 192 CE: Death of Commodus
Lucius Aelius Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Commodus, "This man was not naturally wicked, but, on the contrary, as guileless as any man that ever lived. His great simplicity, however, together with his cowardice, made him the slave of his companions, and it was through them that he at first, out of ignorance, missed the better life and then was led on into lustful and cruel habits, which soon became second nature. And this, I think, Marcus clearly perceived beforehand. Commodus was nineteen years old when his father died, leaving him many guardians, among whom were numbered the best men of the senate. But their suggestions and counsels Commodus rejected, and after making a truce with the barbarians he rushed to Rome; for he hated all exertion and craved the comfortable life of the city." ~ Dio Cassius 73.1
Commodus is further described as having "put to death . . . all those whom he made away with as the result of false accusations or unjustified suspicions or because of their conspicuous wealth, distinguished family, unusual learning, or some other point of excellence." And further, "Commodus was wholly devoted to pleasure and gave himself up to chariot-racing, caring nothing for [the duties of his offic]; and, indeed, if he had been deeply concerned, he would not have been able to administer them by reason of his indolence and his inexperience." He was inclined instead to sport, as Nero had been to the theater. "Commodus devoted most of his life to ease and to horses and to combats of wild beasts and of men. In fact, besides all that he did in private, he often slew in public large numbers of men and beasts as well. For example, all alone with his own hands, he dispatched five hippopotami together with two elephants on two successive days; and he also killed rhinoceroses and a camelopard. This is what I have to say with reference to his career as a whole (Dio 73.7; 10)."
As we all know, the names of the months that we use today, whether in French, Spanish, Italian, English, et cetera, derive from the names used by the Romans. However what is not as well known is that it might have been different had Commodus had his way. In AUC 943 (190 CE) Commodus ordered that the names of the months, beginning with March of that year, should be changed to Amazonius, Invictus, Felix, Pius, Lucius, Aelius, Aurelius, Commodus, Augustus, Herculeus, Romanus, Exsuperatorius. That is, he ordered that unlike a Caesar or a mere Augustus all of the months should be named after himself, as he explained, each month bearing one of his titles. No wonder then that his mistress, his chamberlain, and the commander of the Praetorian Guard hired a wrestler by the fitting name of Narcissus to strangle Commodus in his bath.
As for the fictional Commodus and the story portrayed in the film "Gladiator," based on the earlier film "The Fall of Rome," there is a piece of history behind it. "Commodus likewise killed the two Quintilii, Condianus and Maximus; for they had a great reputation for learning, military skill, brotherly accord, and wealth, and their notable talents led to the suspicion that, even if they were not planning any rebellion, they were nevertheless displeased with existing conditions. And thus, even as they had lived together, so they died together, along with the son of one of them. They had offered to most striking example ever seen of mutual affection; and at no time had they ever been separated, even in the offices they held. They had grown prosperous and exceedingly wealthy, and were wont to hold office together and to act as assistants to each other (Dio 73.5.3)."
Unlike in the film, the son of Maximus was not a boy, and he managed to escape. "Sextus Condianus, the son of Maximus, who surpassed all others by reason both of his native ability and his training, when he heard that sentence of death had been pronounced against him, too, drank the blood of a hare (he was living in Syria at the time), after which he mounted a horse and purposely fell from it; then, as he vomited the blood, which was supposed to be his own, he was taken up, apparently on the point of death, and was carried to his room. He himself now disappeared, while a ram's body was placed in a coffin in his stead and burned. After this, constantly changing his appearance and clothing, he wandered p83about here and there. And when this story got out (for it is impossible that such matters should remain hidden very long), diligent search was made for him high and low. Many were punished in his stead on account of their resemblance to him, and many, too, who were alleged to have shared his confidence or to have sheltered him somewhere; and still more persons who had perhaps never even seen him were deprived of their property. 4 But no one knows whether he was really slain, — though a great number of heads purporting to be his were brought to Rome,— or whether he made good his escape (Dio 73.6)."
For those who enjoyed the film "Gladiator," here is the script in Latin, Italian, and English:
http://www.krescendo.com/gladiatorlatin/index.html
Our thought for today comes from Marcus Aurelius, Meditations 11.11
"If things do not come to you, the pursuits and avoidances of which disturb you, still in a manner you go to them. Let your judgment about them be put to rest, and they will remain quiet, and you will not be seen either pursuing or avoiding."
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