C. Petronius Dexter Pontifex Maximus omnibus Quiritibus salutem dicit
plurimam,

Today morning, capite velato, I invoked Iuno Covella by saying the
traditional
formula:

« Die te quinti kalo, Iuno Covella »
« Die te quinti kalo, Iuno Covella »
« Die te quinti kalo, Iuno Covella »
« Die te quinti kalo, Iuno Covella »
« Die te quinti kalo, Iuno Covella »

I offered incense and saying prayers I asked the Goddess to be favorable
toward
us, the Quirites of Nova Roma.
This month the nundinal letter is "C".
The festivals to be celebrated in the month of September shall be:



SEPTEMBER

1 D Kal. Sept. F

2 E a.d. IV Non. Sept. F Ater

3 F a.d. III Non. Sept. C

4 G Pr Non. Sept. C

5 H Non. Sept. F
Ludi Romani

6 A a.d. VIII Id. Sept. F
Ater, L. Romani

7 B a.d. VII Id. Sept. C
Ludi Romani

8 C a.d. VI Id. Sept. C
Nundina, L. Romani

9 D a.d. V Id. Sept. C
Ludi Romani

10 E a.d. IV Id. Sept. C
Ludi Romani

11 F a.d. III Id. Sept. C
Ludi Romani

12 G Pr Id. Sept. N
Ludi Romani

13 H Id. Sept. NP
Feriae Iovi, L. Romani

14 A a.d. XVIII Kal. Oct. F
Ater, L. Romani

15 B a.d. XVII Kal. Oct. N Ludi
Romani

16 C a.d. XVI Kal. Oct. C
Nundina, L. Romani

17 D a.d. XV Kal. Oct. C Ludi
Romani

18 E a.d. XIV Kal. Oct. C Ludi
Romani

19 F a.d. XIII Kal. Oct. C
Ludi Romani

20 G a.d. XII Kal. Oct. C

21 H a.d. XI Kal. Oct. C

22 A a.d. X Kal. Oct. C

23 B a.d. IX Kal. Oct. C

24 C a.d. VIII Kal. Oct. C
Nundina

25 D a.d. VII Kal. Oct. C

26 E a.d. VI Kal. Oct. C

27 F a.d. V Kal. Oct. C

28 G a.d. IV Kal. Oct. C

29 H a.d. III Kal. Oct. F

30 A Pr Kal. Oct. C


---------------------------------------

At the end I poured a libation of milk thanking to the Goddess for Her
benevolence.



Optime valete.

--
C. Petronius Dexter
Pontifex Maximus Arcoiali scribebat
Kalendis Septembribus MMDCCLXV aVc.



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Reminder from:		Nova-Roma Yahoo! Group
Title:		After every Kalends, Nones, Ides, the next day is "Ater"
Date:		Sunday September 2, 2012
Time:		12:00 am - 12:00 am
Notes:		Ater (unlucky) *Gods or Goddesses should not be invoked by name while indoors, and no celestial God or Goddess should be invoked by name while outdoors. *Sacrifices should not be made, even at the lararium. *These days are ill-omened to begin any new project since any new project would necessarily begin by performing a rite calling for the assistance of the gods. Such religious rites, beginning something new, are not to be performed. *Avoid making journeys, or doing anything risky.
Get reminders on your mobile, Yahoo! Messenger, and email. Edit reminder options

Copyright © 2012  Yahoo! Inc. All Rights Reserved | Terms of Service | Privacy Policy

L. Iulia Aquila Censoribus omnibusque S.P.D.

I, Lucia Iulia Aquila, hereby notify the censors, before the Gods, the
Senate and the People of Nova Roma, of my resignation of all offices and
citizenship of Nova Roma.

I shall continue as Pontifex, Sacerdos Veneris Genetricis and also as
Sacerdos Prima in the actual live Cultores Deorum community in Middle
Tennessee at Aedes Venus Genetrix
<http://www.facebook.com/aedesvenusgenetrix Fortuna Primigenia <http://www.facebook.com/groups/MysticSanctuary counseling, teaching and mentoring camillae, cultores and those
interested in the religio. I am available to anyone regarding the
Religio Romana regardless of their affiliation and extend an invite to
all.

I am not leaving to go elsewhere but besides the ministry I shall be
immersed in research and study in the academic community, my art
endeavors as well and then, the best part, being with, and travelling
with, and enjoying my family and friends. Over the next 4 or 5 years I
will be returning "keys" to various responsibilities and
training others to take my place as I move towards true retirement with
a little consulting, as needed. I do hope to continue to converse with
my Nova Roma friends from time to time via email and facebook
<http://www.facebook.com/jennaroses
This resignation takes effect immediately.

Optime valete in pace Veneris; di me teque semper servent.

L. Iulia Aquila


Pontifex
Sacerdos Veneris Genetricis

Sacerdos Prima Tennesiae

Securum in tenebris me facit esse Venus






[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Sta. Cornelia Aeternia L. Iuliae Aquilae Omnibusque S.P.D.

Safe travels on your journeys to come. Thank you for your years of service
and dedication to Nova Roma.


Vale (te) quam Optime,
Aeternia


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

C. Tullius Valerianus Germanicus consul L. Iuliae Aquilae S.P.D.

It is with terrible sadness that I acknowledge receipt of your
resignation, Iulia. It is a sad day for the Republic when any citizen
leaves us, but even more so when a citizen as accomplished as yourself is
lost to us. It is my hope that some day you may reconsider your decision
and return to us, when you are ready. The Republic thanks you for your
service, and I thank you for your *amicitia. *

* *I understand your desire to continue in your religious roles despite
your resignation of your citizenship. As a Roman, I cannot acknowledge any
pontificate outside the citizenship of the Republic. Such is not the Roman
way, as you know. But I do admire your continued commitment to the *cultus
deorum *as a *privata *and non-citizen.
*Cura ut valeas, amica!*

On Sun, Sep 2, 2012 at 5:45 PM, luciaiuliaaquila <
luciaiuliaaquila@... L. Iulia Aquila Censoribus omnibusque S.P.D.

I, Lucia Iulia Aquila, hereby notify the censors, before the Gods, the
Senate and the People of Nova Roma, of my resignation of all offices and
citizenship of Nova Roma.

I shall continue as Pontifex, Sacerdos Veneris Genetricis and also as
Sacerdos Prima in the actual live Cultores Deorum community in Middle
Tennessee at Aedes Venus Genetrix
<http://www.facebook.com/aedesvenusgenetrix Fortuna Primigenia <http://www.facebook.com/groups/MysticSanctuary counseling, teaching and mentoring camillae, cultores and those
interested in the religio. I am available to anyone regarding the
Religio Romana regardless of their affiliation and extend an invite to
all.

I am not leaving to go elsewhere but besides the ministry I shall be
immersed in research and study in the academic community, my art
endeavors as well and then, the best part, being with, and travelling
with, and enjoying my family and friends. Over the next 4 or 5 years I
will be returning "keys" to various responsibilities and
training others to take my place as I move towards true retirement with
a little consulting, as needed. I do hope to continue to converse with
my Nova Roma friends from time to time via email and facebook
<http://www.facebook.com/jennaroses
This resignation takes effect immediately.

Optime valete in pace Veneris; di me teque semper servent.

L. Iulia Aquila

Pontifex
Sacerdos Veneris Genetricis

Sacerdos Prima Tennesiae

Securum in tenebris me facit esse Venus

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]


--
Gaius Tullius Valerianus

Augur of Nova Roma
Lictor Curiatus of Nova Roma
Consul of Nova Roma
Praefectus of Arizona Australis


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Salve Iulia,

I'm very sorry to see you leaving Nova Roma.

May you find what you hope to find and hopefully we all see you back to
our beloved nation.

Vale optime et bona fortuna,
Crassus

Oh no, this is so sad =(

--
V.A. Regilla



________________________________
De: luciaiuliaaquila <luciaiuliaaquila@... Para: Nova-Roma@yahoogroups.com
Enviadas: Domingo, 2 de Setembro de 2012 21:45
Assunto: [Nova-Roma] Resignation of L. Iulia Aquila


 

L. Iulia Aquila Censoribus omnibusque S.P.D.

I, Lucia Iulia Aquila, hereby notify the censors, before the Gods, the
Senate and the People of Nova Roma, of my resignation of all offices and
citizenship of Nova Roma.

I shall continue as Pontifex, Sacerdos Veneris Genetricis and also as
Sacerdos Prima in the actual live Cultores Deorum community in Middle
Tennessee at Aedes Venus Genetrix
<http://www.facebook.com/aedesvenusgenetrix Fortuna Primigenia <http://www.facebook.com/groups/MysticSanctuary counseling, teaching and mentoring camillae, cultores and those
interested in the religio. I am available to anyone regarding the
Religio Romana regardless of their affiliation and extend an invite to
all.

I am not leaving to go elsewhere but besides the ministry I shall be
immersed in research and study in the academic community, my art
endeavors as well and then, the best part, being with, and travelling
with, and enjoying my family and friends. Over the next 4 or 5 years I
will be returning "keys" to various responsibilities and
training others to take my place as I move towards true retirement with
a little consulting, as needed. I do hope to continue to converse with
my Nova Roma friends from time to time via email and facebook
<http://www.facebook.com/jennaroses
This resignation takes effect immediately.

Optime valete in pace Veneris; di me teque semper servent.

L. Iulia Aquila

Pontifex
Sacerdos Veneris Genetricis

Sacerdos Prima Tennesiae

Securum in tenebris me facit esse Venus

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]




[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Iulius Paterculus omnibus potissimumque civibus Novae Britaniae s.p.d.
Sorry for again using the Main List for provincial business. After a previous email account was hacked into, forcing me to delete it, I have been unable to access the Nova Britannia list. If anyone would be willing to repost this there, I would be grateful.
The Meetup group is now officially online, although no real world events have yet successfully been held. You can find it at http://www.meetup.com/Nova-Roma-in-Eastern-Connecticut/. With two weeks of advance notice, I should be able to reserve an auditorium in Mansfield, although groups with higher precedence could take our slot if there is some sort of emergency. Marcus Audens was kind enough to offer to reserve a building in Ledyard with the same notice if necessary. It's too far for me to travel, but perhaps for some of you it may be more convenient.
If anyone has another location or event to suggest, or a picture of a past meeting in Nova Britannia that we could put up to give a better impression of our group, please email me at <arthur.f.waite@...
Post Scriptum - The best of luck to L. Iulia Aquila.

Oh no! You were one of the good ones Iulia. I wish you well.


D. Mento

SALVE IULIA!

For sure we'll keep in touch via various social networks. I wish you all the best.

OPTIME VALE,
Sabinus
 
"Every individual is the architect of his own fortune" - Appius Claudius


________________________________
From: luciaiuliaaquila <luciaiuliaaquila@... To: Nova-Roma@yahoogroups.com
Sent: Monday, September 3, 2012 3:45 AM
Subject: [Nova-Roma] Resignation of L. Iulia Aquila


 

L. Iulia Aquila Censoribus omnibusque S.P.D.

I, Lucia Iulia Aquila, hereby notify the censors, before the Gods, the
Senate and the People of Nova Roma, of my resignation of all offices and
citizenship of Nova Roma.

I shall continue as Pontifex, Sacerdos Veneris Genetricis and also as
Sacerdos Prima in the actual live Cultores Deorum community in Middle
Tennessee at Aedes Venus Genetrix
<http://www.facebook.com/aedesvenusgenetrix Fortuna Primigenia <http://www.facebook.com/groups/MysticSanctuary counseling, teaching and mentoring camillae, cultores and those
interested in the religio. I am available to anyone regarding the
Religio Romana regardless of their affiliation and extend an invite to
all.

I am not leaving to go elsewhere but besides the ministry I shall be
immersed in research and study in the academic community, my art
endeavors as well and then, the best part, being with, and travelling
with, and enjoying my family and friends. Over the next 4 or 5 years I
will be returning "keys" to various responsibilities and
training others to take my place as I move towards true retirement with
a little consulting, as needed. I do hope to continue to converse with
my Nova Roma friends from time to time via email and facebook
<http://www.facebook.com/jennaroses
This resignation takes effect immediately.

Optime valete in pace Veneris; di me teque semper servent.

L. Iulia Aquila

Pontifex
Sacerdos Veneris Genetricis

Sacerdos Prima Tennesiae

Securum in tenebris me facit esse Venus

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]




[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Cn. Lentulus omnibus civibus praesertim Iuliae Aquilae s. p. d.

It is a very sad event for all Nova Romans, and I stand here stunned and distressed. One of our best citizens - and a pontifex! - has left us, again.

Iulia, I really hope you will come back one day! Only if I could know why you had to make this sad decision!

May Venus and Fortuna bless you and carry you wherever you go!


Cura ut valeas et di te incolumem custodiant!

Cn. Cornelius

 


--- Lun 3/9/12, C. Aemilius Crassus <c.aemilius.crassus@...
Da: C. Aemilius Crassus <c.aemilius.crassus@... Oggetto: Re: [Nova-Roma] Resignation of L. Iulia Aquila
A: Nova-Roma@yahoogroups.com
Data: Lunedì 3 settembre 2012, 10:45
















 









Salve Iulia,



I'm very sorry to see you leaving Nova Roma.



May you find what you hope to find and hopefully we all see you back to

our beloved nation.



Vale optime et bona fortuna,

Crassus

Salvete, Quirites!

Happy Ludi Romani!

http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani

The games and programs will start soon; photo (and maybe video) reports of the live events will follow during the ludi.

Feliciter in Ludis Romanis!
Cn. Lentulus
scriba aedilicius


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Sta. Cornelia Aeternia Omnibus in foro S.P.D.

By special request made by Pontifex Cn. Lentulus. I will be submitting a
couple Carmina during the Ludi Romani. This was something I crafted for
last years Ludi Romani while Curule Aedile. I am reposting because its a
beautiful Carmen and ties together Iuppiter Optimus Maximus and Regina
Iuno. Please enjoy the selection.


Valete quam Optime,
Aeternia



*Carmen Optima 9/09/2011*

*SkyFather, we hear your thunder,
we pause in movement,
the wind stirs in echoes,

SkyMother, we hear your song,
your voice in joint with your consort,
we await for amethysts to streak the skies,


Iuppiter, King of all,
Iuppiter, Lord of Lightining and Bolt,
Iuppiter, Pater of the Roman People,

Iuno, Queen of the celestial ethers,
Iuno, Sacred Guardian and Protectress,
Iuno, Mother and Consort.

We harken to the call of the clouds and the sky.*
*
*
*© S.Cornelia Juliana Aeternia*


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Cn. Lentulus scriba aedilicius Aeterniae s. p. d.

Thank you for the poetry, Aeternia praetrix illustris!

Valete - and propitious ludi Romani for all!
Lentulus

--- Sab 8/9/12, Belle Morte Statia <syrenslullaby@...
Da: Belle Morte Statia <syrenslullaby@... Oggetto: [Nova_roma_] Ludi Romani 2765 (Carmen Optima)
A: "nova-roma" <Nova-Roma@yahoogroups.com Data: Sabato 8 settembre 2012, 20:55
















 









Sta. Cornelia Aeternia Omnibus in foro S.P.D.
By special request made by Pontifex Cn. Lentulus.  I will be submitting a couple Carmina during the Ludi Romani.  This was something I crafted for last years Ludi Romani while Curule Aedile.  I am reposting because its a beautiful Carmen and ties together Iuppiter Optimus Maximus and Regina Iuno.  Please enjoy the selection.


Valete quam Optime,Aeternia 



Carmen Optima 9/09/2011


SkyFather, we hear your thunder,

we pause in movement,
the wind stirs in echoes,

SkyMother, we hear your song,
your voice in joint with your consort,
we await for amethysts to streak the skies,


Iuppiter, King of all,
Iuppiter, Lord of Lightining and Bolt,

Iuppiter, Pater of the Roman People,

Iuno, Queen of the celestial ethers,
Iuno, Sacred Guardian and Protectress,
Iuno, Mother and Consort.

We harken to the call of the clouds and the sky.

© S.Cornelia Juliana Aeternia





























[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Sorry this was delayed by life.

C. Maria Caeca omnibus in foro S. P. D.

During the Ludi Novi Romani, we celebrated Nova Roma, what it is, and what it could become. With the Ludi romani, we look back to ancient Rome, and we remember the legacy she left to us. We celebrate her glory, and remind ourselves of the things that she has given to the world, and to each of us. We have chosen Rome as our cultural ancestor, and it is fitting that we honor Rome now, and consider how we can function as a Roman Republic in the modern world while being true, in spirit if nothing else, to that illustrious ancestor.

Therefore, let us celebrate, and let us offer these games to our gods, that they may find them pleasing.

The Ludi Romani are now open!

Valete bene!
C. Maria Caeca, Curule Aedile

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Salvete, Quirites!

(Magyarul a zárójelben olvashatjátok!)

Happy Ludi Romani!

This is the first photo from the Szolnok city website about the Szolnok located live events of the Ludi Romani:
(Az első kép a Ludi Romani tegnapi szolnoki megnyitójáról, lesz több is:)

http://szolnokinaplo.hu/kepgaleria/2012/09/09/gulyas-hirmondo-2012

We are waiting for the first pictures of the Bulgarian location of the ludi
(Még várjuk a bolgár rendezvény képeit.)



--- Ven 7/9/12, Cn. Cornelius Lentulus <cn_corn_lent@...
Da: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus <cn_corn_lent@... Oggetto: [Nova-Roma] Ludi Romani
A: "Nova Roma ML" <nova-roma@yahoogroups.com Cc: "NR_Pannonia" <nr_pannonia@yahoogroups.com Data: Venerdì 7 settembre 2012, 23:44
















 









Salvete, Quirites!



Happy Ludi Romani!



http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani



The games and programs will start soon; photo (and maybe video) reports of the live events will follow during the ludi.



Feliciter in Ludis Romanis!

Cn. Lentulus

scriba aedilicius



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]



























[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Ti. Valeria Celeris omnibus civibus s. p. d.
 
Welcome to the Ludi Romani, and to our historical contest
about the Constitutio Antoniniana.
 
 
INTRODUCTION
 
This year is the 1800th anniversary of the Constitutio
Antoniniana, a law which was of fundamental importance in the history of
Western civilization. The Constitutio Antoniniana (Latin: "Constitution
[edict] of Antoninus") was an edict issued in 212 AD (a widely acceptad
but debated dating), by the Roman emperor Caracalla. The law declared that all
free men in the Roman Empire were to be given full Roman citizenship and all
free women in Empire were given the same rights as Roman women were. For us,
Nova Romans, it is an incredibly important historical event. As we all know,
Romans were different from many nations in history: instead of ethical
identity, the basis of Roman identity was Roman citizenship. Citizenship was
the most valued asset in the lives of millions of Romans, and if somone would
have asked an ancient Roman what made him Roman or what to be Roman meant, he
certainly had answered: Roman citizenship. In Nova Roma, too, Nova Roman
citizenship is what makes us all real Romans. Our Nova Roman citizenship is -
or must be - the most important constituent of our Roman identity, because
without that we can not be truly Romans. In fact, distributing and maintaining
Roman citizenship is the most significant service that Nova Roma gives to the
world - and we must be proud of that. This mission of Roman revival, started
with the founding of Nova Roma in 1998, now must be kept alive by you, and by
participating in this historical contest, you have the opportunity to give a
sign to our community how important your citizenship is for you.
 
Participate in the Certamen Historicum de Constitutione
Antoniniana, let the world know you are proud of your Roman citizenship!
 
 
RULES
 
1. Questions are posted daily, one question per one day.
There will be 7 questions in total.
2. There are points for correctness and points for quickness
of answers.
3. Each correct answer is worth 1 point. An extra point may
be awarded for an especially detailed and excellent answer. Half point may be
given for an incomplete but otherwise correct answer.
4. For each question, the contestant who is first to answer
that question, regardless to its correctness, gets 3 points for quickness. The
second prerson to answer the question gets 2 points, the third person gets 1
point.
5. In case of a tie between the contestants, the winner is
whose points of correctness are the higher. If these are tie, too, points for
quickness must be compared. If it's a tie again, the jury will decide upon
examination and comparison of the quality of their answers.
6. Answers are to be sent to <antoninianum@... before the posting of next day's question (approximately within 24 hours).
 
 
QUESTION 1 - Day 1 (September 9th)
 
Question #1. Before the Constitutio Antoniniana was put
forth, which province did most Roman citizens reside?
 
 
ANSWER MUST BE SENT TO:
 
 
<antoninianum@...
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Salve tutti!

Please translate:
Fortitudine et
Fidelitate


Gratia,
Tiberius Marcius Quadra


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Sta. Cornelia Aeternia Ti. Marcio Quadrae Omnibusque S.P.D.

I believe it means by fortitude & fidelity. I don't have my English-Latin
dictionary in front of me so its just from memory. I'm sure one of the
Latinitas experts can correct me.

Valete Optime,
Aeternia


--
"De mortuis nil nisi bonum"


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Salvete FYI Valete Ti. Galerius Paulinus
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Lentulus Aeterniae et Marcio SPD

Yes, as Aeternia says, "fortitudine et fidelitate" means "by fortidute and fidelity" or "with fortitude and fidelity".

The words "fortitudo" and "fidelitas" are here in the ablative case, which puts them in the changed form: "fortitudine" and "fidelitate". Ablatice case usually means "by" or "with", sometimes "from" or "in".

Understand better ablative case here:
http://novaroma.org/nr/Ablative



--- Lun 10/9/12, Belle Morte Statia <syrenslullaby@...
Da: Belle Morte Statia <syrenslullaby@... Oggetto: Re: [Nova-Roma] Fortitudine et Fidelitatus
A: Nova-Roma@yahoogroups.com
Data: Lunedì 10 settembre 2012, 06:51
















 









Sta. Cornelia Aeternia Ti. Marcio Quadrae Omnibusque S.P.D.



I believe it means by fortitude & fidelity. I don't have my English-Latin

dictionary in front of me so its just from memory. I'm sure one of the

Latinitas experts can correct me.



Valete Optime,

Aeternia



--

"De mortuis nil nisi bonum"



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]



























[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Salve omnibusque Salutem plurimam dicit,

Considering that the ablative (or Albatice) case can use "by," I've been lead to believe that the phrase "Fortitudine et Fidelitate" is meant to say STRENGTH BY FAITH.

As the progeny to said phrase, I can attest that I was weakest as an alcoholic and strongest completely sober. Thanks to you my brothers & sisters, I've been 100% sober six years as of the anniversary of Emperor Caligula's 2000th birthday.

Hail Mars, Caesar, et Gesu!

Gratias tibi ago,
Tiberias Marcius Quadra


________________________________
From: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus <cn_corn_lent@... To: Nova-Roma@yahoogroups.com
Sent: Monday, September 10, 2012 6:55 PM
Subject: Re: [Nova-Roma] Fortitudine et Fidelitate


 
Lentulus Aeterniae et Marcio SPD

Yes, as Aeternia says, "fortitudine et fidelitate" means "by fortidute and fidelity" or "with fortitude and fidelity".

The words "fortitudo" and "fidelitas" are here in the ablative case, which puts them in the changed form: "fortitudine" and "fidelitate". Ablatice case usually means "by" or "with", sometimes "from" or "in".

Understand better ablative case here:
http://novaroma.org/nr/Ablative

--- Lun 10/9/12, Belle Morte Statia <syrenslullaby@...
Da: Belle Morte Statia <syrenslullaby@... Oggetto: Re: [Nova-Roma] Fortitudine et Fidelitate
A: Nova-Roma@yahoogroups.com
Data: Lunedì 10 settembre 2012, 06:51
 
Sta. Cornelia Aeternia Ti. Marcio Quadrae Omnibusque S.P.D.

I believe it means by fortitude & fidelity. I don't have my English-Latin dictionary in front of me so its just from memory. I'm sure one of the Latinitas experts can correct me.

Valete Optime,

Aeternia

"De mortuis nil nisi bonum"

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Cn. Lentulus Quiritibus SPD

The Ludi Romani celebrate our Romanitas, our Roman identity. But what is Roman identity, without Roman language? Have you ever tried to learn some bits of Latin? Do you think it is impossibly hard and difficult? Let's see, and you will find that your fears will prove false! Participate in the Certamen Latinum, and learn that Latin is learnable!

RULES

1. Questions are posted daily, one question per one day. There will be 6 questions in total.

2. Answers are to be sent to <cnaeus_cornelius@...

QUESTION #1


I. INTRODUCTION 1 - Verbs in the Present

Verbs are words which express what happens in a sentence: action or state of being, like "to go", "to walk", "to see", "to be".


Latin indicates grammatical information by "inflection": by changing
the ending of the words. When English says "I have", "we have", Latin
says "habeo" and "habemus". English puts "I" and "we" before the verb,
Latin adds different endings, "-o" and "-mus", to the end of the verb.

THE CONJUGATIONS

Latin verbs are grouped
into 4 conjugations (verb inflection groups). To determine which
conjugation group a verb belongs to, you have to look at the dictionary
form of the verb. In the case of the verb “have”, you will find:

"habeo, habére, habui, habitum" (I have, to have, I had, the had one)

When we want to conjugate a verb in the PRESENT tense, we must look at the 2nd dictionary form, the infinitive:

"habére" (to have)


The infinitive, “hab-ére” (to have) shows that this verb belongs to the
2nd conjugation, because all verbs that have the infinitive ending
“-ére” belong to the 2nd conjugation.

WHICH VERB WHICH CONJUGATION?


The second dictionary element, the infinitive, determines which
conjugation the verb belongs to. The 4 variants of infinitive endings
and the 4 conjugations determined by the different infinitive endings
are:

-are = 1st conjugation (e.g. amo, amare, amavi, amatum)
-ére = 2nd conjugation (e.g. habeo, habére, habui, habitum)
-ere = 3rd conjugation (e.g. dico, dicere, dixi, dictum)
-ire = 4th conjugation (e.g. audio, audire, audivi, auditum)

Note that “–ere”, which is short vowel, is different from “–ére”, which is long vowel.

HOW TO CONJUGATE A VERB IN PRESENT?


Cut off the infinitive endings -are, -ére, -ere and -ire, and replace
them with the personal endings shown in this table (follow the link):

http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation#Present_Tense

II. QUESTION 1

- Choose ONE verb from these verbs given in their dictionary forms, and conjugate it in Present Tense.
- Send your solution to <cnaeus_cornelius@...
video, -ére, vidi, visum (see)
puto, -are, -avi, -atum (think)
lego, -ere, legi, lectum (read)
deleo, -ére, -évi, -étum (delete)
facio, -ere, feci, factum (make)


III AN EXAMPLE HOW TO DO IT:

cupio, -ere, -ivi, -itum (wish);


- The 2nd dictionary form (infinitive) is abbreviated as "-ere", which
means that its full infinitive form written out is: "cupere".
- The infinitive ending "-ere" marks the 3rd Conjugation.

- In the conjugation table of our website (following the link given
above) you will find two columns for the 3rd Conjugation: I-Stem and
Consonant Stem. The ending of the 1st dictionary form (cupio "I wish")
determines if a 3rd Conjugation verb is of I-Stem or Consonant Stem.
It's I-Stem, if the 1st dictionary form ending is "-io". It's Consonant
Stem, if the 1st dictionary form ending is "-o". For "cupio", it's
I-Stem as the ending "-io" shows.
- You look at the conjugation
table, Present Tense personal endings in 3rd Conjugation I-Stem, and add
the personal endings to "cupio". You will write the following forms:


cupio - I wish
cupis - you wish
cupit - he wishes
cupimus - we wish
cupitis - you (plural) wish
cupiunt - they wish

REMEMBER, ANSWERS MUST BE SENT TO:

<cnaeus_cornelius@...

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

             Ti. Valeria Celeris omnibus civibus s. p. d.

Welcome to the Ludi Romani, and to our historical contest
about the Constitutio Antoniniana. 
  
 So far we have had 3 people send in answers. So here is our status update.
 C. Cornelia Urbana and Bruno Zani are tied for first. Marcus Prometheus is in second.

 There is still a chance for you all to join in so feel free to send in your answers.

INTRODUCTION

This year is the 1800th anniversary of the Constitutio
Antoniniana, a law which was of fundamental importance in the history of
Western civilization. The Constitutio Antoniniana (Latin: "Constitution
[edict] of Antoninus") was an edict issued in 212 AD (a widely acceptad
but debated dating), by the Roman emperor Caracalla. The law declared that all
free men in the Roman Empire were to be given full Roman citizenship and all
free women in Empire were given the same rights as Roman women were. For us,
Nova Romans, it is an incredibly important historical event. As we all know,
Romans were different from many nations in history: instead of ethical
identity, the basis of Roman identity was Roman citizenship. Citizenship was
the most valued asset in the lives of millions of Romans, and if
somone would
have asked an ancient Roman what made him Roman or what to be Roman meant, he
certainly had answered: Roman citizenship. In Nova Roma, too, Nova Roman
citizenship is what makes us all real Romans. Our Nova Roman citizenship is -
or must be - the most important constituent of our Roman identity, because
without that we can not be truly Romans. In fact, distributing and maintaining
Roman citizenship is the most significant service that Nova Roma gives to the
world - and we must be proud of that. This mission of Roman revival, started
with the founding of Nova Roma in 1998, now must be kept alive by you, and by
participating in this historical contest, you have the opportunity to give a
sign to our community how important your citizenship is for you.

Participate in the Certamen Historicum de Constitutione
Antoniniana, let the world know you are proud of your Roman citizenship!


RULES

1. Questions are posted daily, one question per one day.
There will be 7 questions in total.
2. There are points for correctness and points for quickness
of answers.
3. Each correct answer is worth 1 point. An extra point may
be awarded for an especially detailed and excellent answer. Half point may be
given for an incomplete but otherwise correct answer.
4. For each question, the contestant who is first to answer
that question, regardless to its correctness, gets 3 points for quickness. The
second prerson to answer the question gets 2 points, the third person gets 1
point.
5. In case of a tie between the contestants, the winner is
whose points of correctness are the higher. If these are tie, too, points for
quickness must be compared. If it's a tie again, the jury will decide upon
examination and comparison of the quality of their answers.
6. Answers are to be sent to <antoninianum@ yahoo.com before the posting of next day's question (approximately within 24 hours).


QUESTION 2 - Day 2 (September 10th)

Question #2. Before the edict what was the most common way men became roman citizens?


ANSWER MUST BE SENT TO:


<antoninianum@ yahoo.com
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Gaius Tullius Valerianus Germanicus Augur Consul omnibus in his foris S.P.D.

Salvete omnes! I hope you're enjoying the season of the Ludi Romani,
when we celebrate being Roman! Welcome back to the Roman Virtues Project -
an ongoing exploration and discussion of the Roman virtues and what it
means to be Roman, undertaken by the citizens and prospective citizens of
Nova Roma! I intend to post a new topic in the Roman Virtue Project on or
around the market day once every nundinal period (check the fasti at
http://novaroma.org/nr/Fasti_MMDCCLXV if you're not sure when the next
nundinae are). I apologize for the long delay since the last post in the
project, but macronational life intervened - moved to a new home, started a
new job, etc., etc. But today seems an auspicious day to return to the
project (having taken some personal auspices relating to my *dies
natalis *today),
so even though I missed the nundinae by a couple of days, let's get back to
it . . .

Roman Virtue:* Industria*

Our website says of *Industria*: "Industriousness" Hard work.

The Oxford Latin Dictionary defines *Industria* as it relates to Roman
virtue thus:
"1. Diligent activity directed to some purpose, application, industry, etc
. . .
2. Purposefulness . . ."

So what does this mean for us as Nova Romans today?

The Romans valued hard work. They considered *industria *a virtue, one
without which Rome would never have achieved any measure of greatness.
Purposeful work is necessary to meaningful human existence - we simply
would not be human if we never needed to work for anything. So the
capacity, the willingness, and the inclination towards purposeful work was
much admired by the Romans. We should, as Romans, aspire to industry,
to *industria,
*even if we don't always succeed as much as we would like. But it is still
an ideal for which we strive.

What are your thoughts on *industria*? Who are the paragons and
exemplars of *industria* from Roma Antiqua and Nova Roma? I can think of
acknowledged masters of *industria *like my illustrious colleague, Gnaeus
Iulius Caesar. Who else comes to mind? I look forward to hearing your
ideas!

Data Phoenice a.d. IV Idus Septembres anno A.U.C. MMDCCLXV (Cn. Caesare C.
Tullio consulibus)

Sent from Phoenix September 10th, in the year from the founding of the city
2765 (in the consulship of Cn. Caesar and C. Tullius)


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

This time I'll be the winner! hehehe...
 
--
V.A. Regilla



________________________________
De: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus <cn_corn_lent@... Para: Nova Roma ML <nova-roma@yahoogroups.com Cc: Religio Romana List <ReligioRomana@yahoogroups.com Enviadas: Segunda-feira, 10 de Setembro de 2012 9:38
Assunto: [Nova_roma_] LUDI ROMANI: Q#1 - Certamen Latinum


 
Cn. Lentulus Quiritibus SPD

The Ludi Romani celebrate our Romanitas, our Roman identity. But what is Roman identity, without Roman language? Have you ever tried to learn some bits of Latin? Do you think it is impossibly hard and difficult? Let's see, and you will find that your fears will prove false! Participate in the Certamen Latinum, and learn that Latin is learnable!

RULES

1. Questions are posted daily, one question per one day. There will be 6 questions in total.

2. Answers are to be sent to <cnaeus_cornelius@...

QUESTION #1


I. INTRODUCTION 1 - Verbs in the Present

Verbs are words which express what happens in a sentence: action or state of being, like "to go", "to walk", "to see", "to
be".

Latin indicates grammatical information by "inflection": by changing
the ending of the words. When English says "I have", "we have", Latin
says "habeo" and "habemus". English puts "I" and "we" before the verb,
Latin adds different endings, "-o" and "-mus", to the end of the verb.

THE CONJUGATIONS

Latin verbs are gr
ouped into 4 conjugations (verb inflection groups). To determine which
conjugation group a verb belongs to, you have to look at the dictionary
form of the verb. In the case of the verb “have”, you will find:

"habeo, habére, habui, habitum" (I have, to have, I had, the had one)

When we want to conjugate a verb in the PRESENT tense, we must look at the 2nd dictionary form, the infinitive:

"habére" (to have)

The infinitive, “hab-ére” (to have) shows that this verb belongs to the
2nd conjugation, because all verbs that have the infinitive ending
“-ére” belong to the 2nd conjugation.

WHICH VERB WHICH CONJUGATION?

The second dictionary element, the infinitive, determines which
conjugation the verb belongs to. The 4 variants of infinitive endings
and the 4 conjugations determined by the different infinitive endings
are:

-are = 1st conjugation (e.g. amo, amare, amavi, amatum)
-ére = 2nd conjugation (e.g. habeo, habére, habui, habitum)
-ere = 3rd conjugation (e.g. dico, dicere, dixi, dictum)
-ire = 4th conjugation (e.g. audio, audire, audivi, auditum)

Note that “–ere”, which is short vowel, is different from “–ére”, which is long vowel.

HOW TO CONJUGATE A VERB IN PRESENT?

Cut off the infinitive endings -are, -ére, -ere and -ire, and replace
them with the personal endings shown in this table (follow the link):

http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation#Present_Tense

II. QUESTION 1


- Choose ONE verb from these verbs given in their dictionary forms, and conjugate it in Present Tense.
- Send your solution to <cnaeus_cornelius@... video, -ére, vidi, visum (see)
puto, -are, -avi, -atum (think)
lego, -ere, legi, lectum (read)
deleo, -ére, -évi, -étum (delete)
facio, -ere, feci, factum (make)


III AN EXAMPLE HOW TO DO IT:

cupio, -ere, -ivi, -itum (wish);

- The 2nd dictionary form (infinitive) is abbreviated as "-ere", which
means that its full infinitive form written out is: "cupere".
- The infinitive ending "-ere" marks the 3rd Conjugation.
- In the conjugation table of our website (following the link given
above) you will find two columns for the 3rd Conjugation: I-Stem and
Consonant Stem. The ending of the 1st dictionary form (cupio "I wish")
determines if a 3rd Conjugation verb is of I-Stem or Consonant Stem.
It's I-Stem, if the 1st dictionary form ending is "-io". It's Consonant
Stem, if the 1st dictionary form ending is "-o". For "cupio", it's
I-Stem as the ending "-io" shows.
- You look at the conjugation
table, Present Tense personal endings in 3rd Conjugation I-Stem, and add
the personal endings to "cupio". You will write the following forms:

cupio - I wish
cupis - you wish
cupit - he wishes
cupimus - we wish
cupitis - you (plural) wish
cupiunt - they wish

REMEMBER, ANSWERS MUST BE SENT TO:

<cnaeus_cornelius@...


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

C. Maria Caeca omnibus in foro S. P. D.

This is the anniversary of the attacks on NYC and the Pentagon in Washington D. C. (well, Virginia, actually), and on this terrible day, this country was changed, and much of the world was affected. Therefore, I dedicate all the events of today's Ludi in memory of the many who died on September 11, 2001, and in honor of those who responded, or who who helped in any way, for they showed by their actins and their courage the greatest courage, and absolute tenacity. I very much think our ancient Roman ancestors would have been very proud of them.

Valete bene!
CMC

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Grati Scholastica,

I eagerly patiently await.
Ti. Marci Quadra


________________________________
From: A. Tullia Scholastica <fororom@... To: Nova-Roma@yahoogroups.com
Sent: Tuesday, September 11, 2012 3:23 PM
Subject: Re: BY - Re: [Nova-Roma] Fortitudine et Fidelitate


 
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]




[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Cn. Lentulus scriba aedilicius Quiritibus SPD

I am forwarding M. Flavius Denovanus Victor's Ludi Romani - Certamen Historicum de Legione XXI Rapace (historical contest about the Legio XXI Rapax) because there seems to be some technical problems and his posts did not appear here.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



M. Flavius Denovanus Victor omnibus civibus
s. p. d.



This is our historical contest about the
Legio XXI Rapax, remembering the 1920th Anniversary of its
destruction. Learn more about this contest and about past question on our ludi
webpage:

 

http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani/Certamen_Historicum_de_Legione_XXI_Rapace


Participate in the Certamen Historicum de Legione XXI Rapace, and honor
the memory of the brave soldiers of Rome who died 1920 years ago, in the
Rapax!



Remember, you can get points for quickness of answer, so be fast to answer first!



QUESTION 3: Between which years is the complete disbandment of Leg. XXI Rapax considered to have taken place, and under whose reign?



REMEMBER answers to: rapacianum@...



RULES



1. There are points for correctness and points for quickness of answers.

2. Each correct answer is worth 1 point. An extra point may be awarded
for an especially detailed and excellent answer. Half point may be given
for an incomplete but otherwise correct answer.

3. For each question, the contestant who is first to answer that
question, regardless to its correctness, gets 3 points for quickness.
The second person to answer the question gets 2 points, the third person
gets 1 point.

4. Answers are to be sent to rapacianum@...
















[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Cn. Lentulus scriba aedilicius Quiritibus SPD

It's me again, with the ludi Romani. I have to forward Ti. Valeria Celeris's Ludi Romani - Certamen Historicum de Constitutione Antoniniana (historical contest about the Constitutio Antoniniana) because there
seems to be some technical problems.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



Ti. Valeria Celeris omnibus civibus s. p.
d.

 

This is the 2nd/3rd/4th
(ETC) day of the Ludi Romani, and this is our historical contest about the
Constitutio Antoniniana, honoring the 1800th Anniversary of the law
that gave Roman citizenship to the entire Empire. Learn more about this contest
and about past question on our ludi webpage:

 

http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani/Certamen_Historicum_de_Constitutione_Antoniniana

 

Participate in the Certamen Historicum de
Constitutione Antoniniana, let the world know you are proud of your Roman
citizenship!

 

Rember, you can get points for quickness of
answer, so be fast to answer first!

 

SEND ANSWERS to: antoninianum@...

 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

QUESTION 2 - (September 10th)

 

What group of people's status was uneffected by this change in the law?---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

 

RULES

 

1. There are points for correctness and
points for quickness of answers.

2. Each correct answer is worth 1 point. An
extra point may be awarded for an especially detailed and excellent answer.
Half point may be given for an incomplete but otherwise correct answer.

3. For each question, the contestant who is
first to answer that question, regardless to its correctness, gets 3 points for
quickness. The second prerson to answer the question gets 2 points, the third
person gets 1 point.

4. Answers are to be sent to antoninianum@... before the
official publishing of the correct answers on the mailing lists of Nova Roma.




[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Cn. Lentulus Quiritibus SPD

Hello - here is the second day of the Latin contest! Have you ever tried to learn some bits of Latin? Wanted to try it sometime in the future? The time is now, the place is here: macte virtute!

Follow the Certamen Latinum on its ludi webpage:
http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani/Certamen_Latinum

RULES

1. Questions are posted daily, one question per one day. There will be 6 questions in total.

2.
Answers are to be sent to <cnaeus_cornelius@... correct answers on the mailing lists of Nova Roma.




QUESTION #2


I. INTRODUCTION 2 - Nouns and their cases

A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea, like "mother", "lion", "forest", "birth".

As we saw with the verbs, Latin indicates grammatical information
by "inflection": by changing the ending of the words. This is the same
with nouns. When English says "The lion eats the mother", and "The
mother eats the lion", the question of who eats whom is decided by word
order. In Latin, word order is free and doesn't help to decide who eats
whom, instead Latin uses features like in the word "whom", where the
ending "-m" shows that it's the object case (accusative), "who", without
"-m", is subject case (nominative).

In addition to the subject (nominative) and object (accusative)
case, English has a third case, in "whose": the possessive case, called
genetive in Latin grammar. Latin went just a little bit further, and
added two other cases: the dative, which is the case of the recipient
("to whom") and ablative, which is the adverbial case, and expresses
adverbials like "by whom", "with whom" or "from whom". Please note that
modern English many times neglects the difference between "who" and
"whom", and people may say things like "who eats who". But in Latin this
is impossible and the distinction is always kept. Latin is also more
uniform than English, because while English can differentiate between
"who" and "whom", or "he" and "him", it can not make difference between
"The mother (eats something)" and "(Something eats) the mother": both as
a subject and as an object "mother" remains the same. Well, Latin would
add a different ending to the object case: the accusative ending.

Now, let's summarize the Latin cases and their meanings, using the example of "mother" and "who eats whom":


nominative - the mother (eats the lion) SUBJECT
accusative - (the lion eats) the mother OBJECT
genitive - the mother's (lion) / (the lion) of the mother POSSESSIVE
dative - to the mother RECIPIENT - INDIRECT OBJECT
ablative - by/with/from the mother - ADVERBIAL OF MEANS/MANNER/PLACE/TIME




THE DECLENSIONS

Latin nouns are grouped into 5 declensions (noun inflection
groups), because not all nouns get the same case endings. English has
something similar, when the plural of "kid" is "kids", but the plural of
"child" is "children". In this case, we can say English has "two
declensions", in one declension words get the plural "-s" ending, in the
other, although very tiny declension (containing 1-2 words only) words
get the plural "-en" ending. But here Latin has a great variety, and
there are 5 declensions where words can get different endings. To
determine which declension group a noun belongs to, you have to look at
the dictionary form of the noun.

In the case of nouns, for example, “friend”, you will find:

amicus, -i, m.

This is 3 pieces of information:

(1) amicus;
(2) -i;
(3) m.

(1) amicus; This means that the word “friend” in nominative (subject) case is “amicus”.

(2) -i; The abbreviated form “-i” means that the word “friend” in genitive (possessive) case is “amici” (something of friend, or friend’s something), thus the original ending “-us” changes to “-i”.

(3) m.; The “m.” means that it is a masculine noun. In
Latin, all nouns have three genders, they are masculine, (abbreviated as
“m”), feminine (abbreviated as “f”), and neuter (abbreviated as “n”).
English has a similar phenomenon when we use “he”, “she” or “it”. The
new thing in this is that Latin uses these genders for things or
abstract concepts, too, like in the exemples above, “loyalty” (fides,
-ei, f) is feminine in Latin, the “senate” (senatus, -ús, m) is
masculine, “Rome” (Roma, -ae, f) is, again, feminine.



WHICH NOUN WHICH DECLENSION?

This is the most important point. This ending “–i” in amicus, -i, m. determines that “amicus” belongs to the “second declension”,
whose identifier is the genitive “–i”. As we have mentioned, there are 5
declensions, and each one of these has a unique, declension-specific
genitive ending. It’s important because the genitive ending determines
the other inflections as well. The five types of genitive ending and the
five declensions determined by the different genitive endings are:
-ae = 1st declension, e.g.: Roma, -ae, f (Rome)
-i = 2nd declension, e.g.: amicus, -i, m (friend)
-is = 3rd declension, e.g.: rex, regis, m (king)
-ús = 4th declension, e.g.: senatus, -ús, m (senate)
-ei = 5th declension, e.g. fides, -ei, f (loyalty)


HOW TO DECLINE A LATIN NOUN?
Cut off the declension specific genitive ending (-ae, -i, -is,
-ús, -ei) and replacing them with the various case endings shown in this
table (follow the link):
http://novaroma.org/nr/Declension#How_to_decline_a_Latin_noun


II. QUESTION 2
- Choose ONE verb from these nouns given in their dictionary forms, and decline it in all five cases both in singular and in plural.
- Send your solution to <cnaeus_cornelius@...
gladius, -i, m (sword)
exercitus, -ús, m (army)
pilum, -i, n (javelin)
civitas, -atis, f (citizenship)
scutum, -i, n (shield)
facies, -éí, f (face)
ala, -ae, f (wing)



III. AN EXAMPLE HOW TO DO IT:

auxilium, -i, n (help);

- After analyzing this dictionary form, you see that its genitive
abbreviated is "-i", which means that its genitive form written out is:
"auxilii". The letter "n" means it's neuter. It will be important:
listen.
- The genitive ending "-i" marks the Second Declension. It means you
have to cut off this "-i" ending of the genitive form, and the remaining
"auxili" will be the invariable stem to which you will add the case
endings. Therefore you go to the website, where you notice that there is
a "neuter rule" and neuters have a slightly different declension than
masculine or feminine nouns. Keeping that in mind, search for the
respective neuter singular and plural case endings. You will find them
and you will give the following forms, with English translation added:

SINGULAR
nominative = auxilium - the help (comes) (1 pt)
accusative = auxilium - (gives) help (1 pt)
genitive = auxilii - of the help / help's (1 pt)
dative= auxilio - to the help (1 pt)
ablative= auxilio - by/with/from help (1 pt)
PLURAL
nominative = auxilia - the helps (come) (1 pt)
accusative = auxilia - (gives) helps (1 pt)
genitive = auxiliorum - of the helps / helps's (1 pt)
dative= auxiliis - to the helps (1 pt)
ablative= auxiliis - by/with/from helps (1 pt)

ATTENTION: "gives" and "comes" are added only to mark the difference
in grammatical meaning between nominative and accusative. You must usa a
similar solution in your exercise.



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Ti. Valeria Celeris omnibus civibus s. p. d.
 
This is the 3rd (ETC) day of the Ludi Romani, and this is our historical contest about the
Constitutio Antoniniana, honoring the 1800th Anniversary of the law
that gave Roman citizenship to the entire Empire. Learn more about this contest
and about past question on our ludi webpage:

 
http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani/Certamen_Historicum_de_Constitutione_Antoniniana
 
Participate in the Certamen Historicum de Constitutione
Antoniniana, let the world know you are proud of your Roman citizenship!
 
Rember, you can get points for quickness of answer, so be
fast to answer first!
 
SEND ANSWERS to: antoninianum@...

Status:

A. Liburnius Hadrianus is currently in first followed by a tie between Marcus Prometheus and
C. Cornelia Urbana. In third is Marcus Octavius Marcellus.

Great Job!
 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
QUESTION 3 - (September 11th)

 
Cassius Dio was skeptical of the Emperor's motives for
the creation of this law. What did he think the motivation was?
 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
RULES
 
1. There are points for correctness and points for quickness
of answers.
2. Each correct answer is worth 1 point. An extra point may
be awarded for an especially detailed and excellent answer. Half point may be
given for an incomplete but otherwise correct answer.
3. For each question, the contestant who is first to answer
that question, regardless to its correctness, gets 3 points for quickness. The
second prerson to answer the question gets 2 points, the third person gets 1
point.
4. Answers are to be sent to antoninianum@... before the
official publishing of the correct answers on the mailing lists of Nova Roma.

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Salvete!

Forwarding Denovanus' certamen:

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
M. Flavius Denovanus Victor omnibus civibus s. p. d.

This is the 4th day of the Ludi Romani, and this is our historical
contest about the Legio XXI Rapax, remembering the 1920th Anniversary of
its destruction. Learn more about this contest and about past question
on our ludi webpage:



http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani/Certamen_Historicum_de_Legione_XXI_Rapace



Participate in the Certamen Historicum de Legione XXI Rapace, and honor
the memory of the brave soldiers of Rome who died 1920 years ago, in the
Rapax!



Remember, you can get points for quickness of answer, so be fast to answer first!



SEND ANSWERS to: rapacianum@...



---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

QUESTION 4 - September 12th



In whose reign was Legion XXI Rapax stationed in Argentoratum?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



RULES



1. There are points for correctness and points for quickness of answers.

2. Each correct answer is worth 1 point. An extra point may be awarded
for an especially detailed and excellent answer. Half point may be given
for an incomplete but otherwise correct answer.

3. For each question, the contestant who is first to answer that
question, regardless to its correctness, gets 3 points for quickness.
The second person to answer the question gets 2 points, the third person
gets 1 point.

4. Answers are to be sent to rapacianum@... before the official publishing of the correct answers on the mailing lists of Nova Roma.



POINTS SO FAR:



Kyzysytof Trebski /non-citizen/ - 5 points

Cezary Wyszynski (Marcus Rebius Cacaius Assellio)  /non-citizen/ - 5 points

M. Prometheus Decius Golia 3 points

T. Flavius Flaccus /non-citizen/ 3 points

C. Cornelia Urbana 1 points



Keep going and best of luck!
















[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Ti. Valeria Celeris omnibus civibus s. p. d.
 
This is the 4th (ETC) day of the Ludi Romani, and this is our historical contest about the
Constitutio Antoniniana, honoring the 1800th Anniversary of the law
that gave Roman citizenship to the entire Empire. Learn more about this contest
and about past question on our ludi webpage:
 
http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani/Certamen_Historicum_de_Constitutione_Antoniniana
 
Participate in the Certamen Historicum de Constitutione
Antoniniana, let the world know you are proud of your Roman citizenship!
 
Rember, you can get points for quickness of answer, so be
fast to answer first!
 
SEND ANSWERS to: antoninianum@...

Today's Status Report:

A. Liburnius Hadrianus is in the lead. Marcus Prometheus and C. Cornelia Urbana continue to be tied
in second place. In third place is Marcus Octavius Marcellus.
 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
QUESTION 4 - (September 12th)

It is suspected that the law was created to distract the public from what crime?
 
 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
RULES
 
1. There are points for correctness and points for quickness
of answers.
2. Each correct answer is worth 1 point. An extra point may
be awarded for an especially detailed and excellent answer. Half point may be
given for an incomplete but otherwise correct answer.
3. For each question, the contestant who is first to answer
that question, regardless to its correctness, gets 3 points for quickness. The
second prerson to answer the question gets 2 points, the third person gets 1
point. 4. Answers are to be sent to antoninianum@... before the official publishing of the correct answers on the mailing lists of
Nova Roma.


To an array of sharp sabres, the Butterknife instills terror.

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Cn. Lentulus Quiritibus SPD

Good day or night, Romans everywhere! The third day of the
Latin contest has come! This is me, Cn. Lentulus, and at the other end of the internet you are there, hungry for getting to know some bits of Latin. The trick is that at the end of the game, you'll realize you know everything.

Follow the Certamen Latinum on its ludi webpage:
http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani/Certamen_Latinum

RULES

1. Questions are posted daily, one question per one day. There will be 6 questions in total.

2.
Answers are to be sent to <cnaeus_cornelius@... correct answers on the mailing lists of Nova Roma.




QUESTION #3


I. INTRODUCTION 3 - Using Adjectives

What is an adjective? An adjective is a word that describes,
identifies, qualifies or modifies a noun, for example: "big", "fast",
"green", "exciting", "Roman".

You must remember that Latin nouns have genders, marked by "m.",
"f.", "n." in the dictionary forms. These are abbreviations for
masculine, feminine and neuter. English has a similar phenomenon when we
use “he”, “she” or “it”. Latin, however, uses these genders for things
or abstract concepts, too, like in these examples where “loyalty”
(fides, -ei, f) is feminine in Latin, the “senate” (senatus, -ús, m) is
masculine, “Rome” (Roma, -ae, f) is, again, feminine. In general, we can
state that things connectible with males, or virile, robust things are
masculine (thus "senatus" is masculine because the senate consisted of
men), things connectible with females, womanly, soft and gentle things,
abstract ideas, terms and concepts (noble concepts like "freedom",
"fatherland", countries, cities) are all of feminine gender (hence
"Roma" is feminine, as a city/country, and "fides" as and abstract idea
or noble concept), and simple objects, means or places and things,
especially those made of non-living material, are neuter. However, there
are a lot of exceptions. The more Latin words you learn, the better you
will see that these rules are just very gross generalizations, and the
sad truth is that you must memorize the gender of each Latin word you
want to know. 'But why?' - you ask. Here come to the picture: the
adjectives.

1.1. Gender-Number-Case Agreement Rule

Latin adjectives must agree in gender, number and case with the
noun to which they are attached to: so it's essential that you know the
gender of each noun if you want to add an adjective to it. A neuter noun
in genitive singular can only get a neuter adjective in genitive
singular, a masculine plural noun in accusative can only get a masculine
plural adjective in the accusative.

1.2. Types of Adjectives

In order to assure that each adjective can accompany all nouns
of any gender, all Latin adjectives are of three genders. Each adjective
is masculine, feminine and neuter at the same time. Adjectives of the
1st-2nd declension have three separate forms as variants for all three
genders (bonus, -i, m.; bona, -ae, f.; bonum, -i, n.: "good");
adjectives of the 3rd declension have only two forms, one variant for
the masculine-feminine, and another variant for the neuter (fortis, -is, m./f.; forte, -is, n.:
"brave"), and there are some adjectives of the 3rd declension that have
only one form, which may be used for all three genders (felix, -icis m./f./n.: "fortunate").

Please revise what we learned about declensions so that you can understand better that follows:
http://novaroma.org/nr/Declension

1.2.1. Adjectives of three forms in the 1st-2nd Declensions


Adjectives which have three separate forms, as you can
see from the example above, in masculine have an ending in "-us"
(bonus), in neuter in "-um" (bonum), and both have the genitive "-i",
which makes both the masculine and neuter forms belong to the 2nd
declension. The feminine variant, however, ends in "-a" (bona), and with
the genitive "-ae" it belongs to the 1st declension. They have the
abbreviated dictionary form:


bonus, -a, -um (good)



where the genitive forms are omitted because the users
of the dictionaries are expected to know that all of the adjectives of
this type follow the same pattern, the masculine and neuter belonging to
the 2nd declension, the feminine to the 1st declension.


Note that there a few adjectives of which the masculine variant ends
in “–er”, like in “pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum” (beautiful). But they,
too, work exactly the same way as the adjectives ending “-us, -a, -um.”

1.2.2. Adjectives of two forms in the 3rd Declension


Adjectives having only two forms, one combined
masculine-feminine, and another for the neuter, have the ending "-is" in
the masculine-feminine variant (fortis), and the ending "-e" for the
neuter form (forte). Both variants, however, share the same genitive
"-is", which means that this class of adjectives belongs entirely to the
third declension, and within that, to the I-Stem sub-group. Their
dictionary form is:


fortis, -e (brave)



with genitive forms omitted again, as they, too, follow the same pattern always.


1.2.2. Adjectives of one single form in the 3rd Declension


Adjectives with only one single form, like "felix,
-icis", don't have a specific nominative ending, but they all have the
genitive ending "-is", which means, they are all belonging to the third
declension. Most of them are of I-Stem (they end in “-ns” or “–x”), some
of them are of Consonant-Stem. Their dictionary form is:


felix, -icis (fortunate)



where the genitive is given, because their genitive form may show great variety, including forms like:


sapiens, -entis (wise)
audax, -acis (bold)
vetus, -eris (ancient)



So what to do with all these adjectives, when placing them into a sentence?


1.3. Adjectives' Word Order

You make them agree in gender, number and case with the noun you
want to attach them to, and place them after the noun, because Latin
adjectives follow the nouns. It's like as if you would say "house big"
instead of "big house" in English. But sometimes English does this, too!
Or can't we say "all things Roman", instead of "all Roman things"?



II. QUESTION 3

Before starting this exercise, revise the basics of declension:

http://novaroma.org/nr/Declension

And also, check out what I-Stem meas in the Third Declension, because almost every Third Declension adjective is of I-Stem:

http://novaroma.org/nr/Third_declension

- Now, choose ONE noun different from what you chose last time.
- Also choose TWO adjectives, one of the two must be of type 1st-2nd Declension, the other
must be of 3rd Declension. 
- Connect the two adjectives with "and", which is "et" in Latin, and
decline these adjective phrases in all five cases both in singular and
in plural, with adding their English translations.

- Send your solution to <cnaeus_cornelius@...
fidelis, -e (loyal)
magnus, -a, -um (great)
gladius, -i, m (sword)
exercitus, -ús, m (army)
vehemens, -entis (vehement)
pilum, -i, n (javelin)
nobilis, -e (noble)
iocosus, -a, -um (funny)
civitas, -atis, f (citizenship)
pulcher, -chra, -chrum (beautiful)
scutum, -i, n (shield)
facies, -éí, f (face)
audax, -acis (bold)
ala, -ae, f (wing)
acutus, -a, -um (sharp)



III. AN EXAMPLE HOW TO DO IT:

auxilium, -i, n (help);
bonus, -a, -um (good);
efficax, -acis (effective);

- After analyzing the dictionary forms, you have chosen the noun
"auxilium", and you had to choose one adjective that is of 1st-2nd
Declension, the other had to be of 3rd Declension. You have chosen
"bonus, -a, -um", because the endings "-us, -a, -um" identify this is of
type 1st-2nd Declension, and "efficax, -acis", because it is an
invariable "one ending for all genders" adjective, which means it is
from the 3rd Declension.
- Having analyzed "auxilium", you see that its abbreviated genitive form
is "-i", which means that its genitive form written out is: "auxilii".
The letter "n" means it's neuter, we know we will have to follow the
Neuter Rule.
- According to the Gender-Number-Case Agreement Rule our two adjectives
must agree with "auxilium" in gender, number and case, all along we
decline them. Since "auxilium" is neuter, we have to use the neuter form
of "bonus, -a, -um", which is "bonum"; and because "efficax, -acis" has
the same form for all genders, it is "efficax" in neuter.
- The genitive ending "-i" tells us that "auxilium" will be declined in
the Second Declension. The neuter of the 1st-2nd Declension adjectives
is always Second Declension. As for the neuter "efficax", it's Third
Declension, as genders don't split declensions in this group of
adjectives.
- By cutting off the genitive ending, you identify the stems (the
invariable beginning of the word), which for "auxilium, -i, n" is
"auxili-", for "bonus, -a, -um" is "bon-", and for "efficax, -acis" is
"efficac-".
- You can now add the case endings, so you go to the website, search for
the respective neuter singular and plural case endings. You find them
and you give the following forms, with English translation added:

SINGULAR
nominative = auxilium bonum et efficax - the good and effective help (comes) (3 pt)
accusative = auxilium bonum et efficax - (gives) good and effective help (3 pt)
genitive = auxilii boni et efficacis - of the good and effective help / good and effective help's (3 pt)
dative = auxilio bono et efficaci - to the good and effective help (3 pt)
ablative = auxilio bono et efficaci - by/with/from good and effective help (3 pt)
PLURAL
nominative = auxilia bona et efficacia - the good and effective helps (come) (3 pt)
accusative = auxilia bona et efficacia - (gives) good and effective helps (3 pt)
genitive = auxiliorum bonorum et efficacium - of the good and effective helps / helps's (3 pt)
dative = auxiliis bonis et efficacibus - to the good and effective helps (3 pt)
ablative = auxiliis bonis et efficacibus - by/with/from good and effective helps (3 pt)

ATTENTION: "gives" and "comes" are added only to mark the difference
in grammatical meaning between nominative and accusative. You must usa a
similar solution in your exercise.


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Cn. Lentulus Quiritibus SPD

Just forwarding the ludi Romani quiz by Denovanus:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


M. Flavius Denovanus Victor omnibus civibus s. p. d.



This is the 5th day of the Ludi Romani, and this is our historical
contest about the Legio XXI Rapax, remembering the 1920th Anniversary of
its destruction. Learn more about this contest and about past questions
on our ludi webpage:



http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani/Certamen_Historicum_de_Legione_XXI_Rapace



Participate in the Certamen Historicum de Legione XXI Rapace, and honor
the memory of the brave soldiers of Rome who died 1920 years ago, in the
Rapax!



Remember, you can get points for quickness of answer, so be fast to answer first!



SEND ANSWERS to: rapacianum@...



QUESTION 5 - (September 13th)

----------------------------------------------------------

What was the name of the Legate of the Legion XXI Rapax in AD 47?

__________________________________________________________



RULES



1. There are points for correctness and points for quickness of answers.

2. Each correct answer is worth 1 point. An extra point may be awarded
for an especially detailed and excellent answer. Half point may be given
for an incomplete but otherwise correct answer.

3. For each question, the contestant who is first to answer that
question, regardless to its correctness, gets 3 points for quickness.
The second person to answer the question gets 2 points, the third person
gets 1 point.

4. Answers are to be sent to rapacianum@... before the official publishing of the correct answers on the mailing lists of Nova Roma.



POINTS SO FAR:



Marcus Rebivs Cacaius Assellio ....13 points

Comicen Tiberivs Flaccus ......... 10 points

Krzysztof Trębski ..................8 points

Marcus Prometheus ............... 7 points

C. Cornelia Urbana ................ 1 points



Keep going and best of luck!
















[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Cn. Lentulus scriba aedilicius Quiritibus sal.
The 4th question is here, fellow citizens. Be brave, be bold, and send in your answers: you can lose nothing, you may win eveything: the eternal language of mankind, the language of Rome.
Follow the Certamen Latinum on its ludi webpage:

http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani/Certamen_Latinum



CURRENT STANDINGS
P. Annæus Constantinus Placidus = 40A. Liburnius Hadrianus = 23.5V. Aemilia Regilla = 16
Cezary Wyszynski (Marcus Rebius Cacaius Assellio) /non-citizen/ = 11
Cn. Valerius Calvus = 4

Invincible Placidus leads the race as usual. Two veterans in his footsteps, formodable Liburnius, great Latinist, and Aemilia, our New Hope, and she did not answer Question 3 yet.. A great man, Cacaius follows, famous reenactor, not yet a citizen, he did not but still can answer Question 3 and win the race. And we hope Valerius will send in more questions: and may be he wins? It's not impossible as of now.



RULES



1. Questions are posted daily, one question per one day. There will be 6 questions in total.



2. Answers are to be sent to <cnaeus_cornelius@...





QUESTION #4

I. INTRODUCTION 6 - Simple Latin Sentences

We have so far discussed the dictionary forms of the Latin nouns,
adjectives and verbs. We tried out how to decline nouns, adjectives,
and how to conjugate verbs in the Present Tense. Today we start making
use of our knowledge, and we will create our first Latin sentences! We
get real! That's what we all waited for - now, we'll taste speaking and
writing in Latin.

In order to start this, please review everything we learned about conjugations and declensions, following these links:

http://novaroma.org/nr/Declension
http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation

Today we try out writing some simple Latin sentences. But how to
start this? Let's clarify four simple rules about Latin sentences.

1. Word order

Good news for you! There is absolutely no obligatory word order
in Latin! You can place the words in any particular order. It means that
you can not screw up the word order of a Latin sentence - but you must
be informed that any change in the word order indicates a slightly
different emphasis in the sentence. Normal, non-emphatic Latin sentences
tend to display a "Subject - Indirect Object - Object - Adverbial -
Verb" word order. But it's not our level of knowledge, and we will not
engage in this depth of Latin grammar. So, for now, write in the order
as you like. It can't be wrong. The only thing that you need to pay
attention to is that, contrary to English, adjectives follow the nouns:
so Latin says "house big", not "big house" - but yesterday we dealt with
that.

2. Word endings - using the cases of the declensions

That's a bit more difficult, but we have already discussed most
if it. We know that Latin indicates grammatical function such as
"subject" and "object", by changing the ending of the words. English
uses word order to express who is the subject (the performer, who does
something) or the object (which is what the action is being done to, for
example, "reading a book", where "book" is the object). In English, the
object is always placed after the verb, word order determines whether a
word is an object or not. Latin, however, uses the accusative word
ending to express the object of the sentence. Latin differentiates
subject from object (or any grammatical function) by word ending. You
must use -

- the nominative form for expressing subject ("CICERO writes a letter."),
- the accusative ending to express an object (Cicero writes A LETTER."),
- the genitive for possession ("It's CICERO'S letter."),
- the dative for indirect object ("Cicero writes a letter TO BRUTUS.")
- and the ablative for various adverbials ("Cicero writes a letter BY HAND/ON PAPYRUS/FOR FUN/etc.").

We have already learned how to determine which declension a noun
belongs to. Now it's time to make use of this knowledge and to use the
declined forms of nouns in sentences.

3. Word endings - using the personal endings of the conjugations

We saw that unlike English, Latin uses verb endings to express
the person and number of the verb, and its tense or mood. You must
identify who performs the action described by the verb of the sentence:
I, you, he/she/it, we, you (plural) or they. Once it's determined, you
will use the proper personal endings, respectively to the conjugation
which the verb belongs to.

4. Articles

There are no articles in Latin! Yahoooo!... There is no definite
("the") or indefinite article ("a", "an") either. When you write in
Latin, you simply forget about them. No rules to be memorized, no
problems when to use them or when not to. Long live the freedom from
articles! :)
Learn more about how to write a Latin sentence here:

http://novaroma.org/nr/Latin_sentence

II. QUESTION 4

Before you start, review the basic grammatical rules here:

http://novaroma.org/nr/Declension

http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation

- Create 3 simple Latin sentences from the words given below in their dictionary forms.

- You must use exactly 5 words in each sentence , and you can use each word only once.

- You also have to translate your sentences to English.
You may follow the guidelines here in addition to what I have explained above:

http://novaroma.org/nr/Latin_sentence

Some names:

Roma, -ae, f (Rome)
Caracalla, ae m (Caracalla)
Brutus, -i, m (Brutus)
Cassius, -i, m (Cassius)
Cicero, -onis, m (Cicero)
Caesar, -aris, m (Caesar)
Curio, -onis, m (Curio)
Pompeius, -i, m (Pompey)

Conjunctions:

et (and)

Prepositions:

de + ablative (about)
in + ablative (in)
in + accusative (to, into)
ex + ablative (from)
cum + ablative (with)

Nouns, adjectives and verbs:

legio, -onis, f (legion)
rapax, -acis (rapacious)
omnis, -e (all)
incola, -ae m (inhabitant)
civitas, -atis, f (state, citizenry)
libertas, -atis, f (freedom)
defendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensum (defend)
mos, moris, m (tradition, custom)
scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum (write)
epistula, -ae, f (letter, mail)
eventus, -ús, m (event)
senatus, -ús, m (senate)
saluto, -are, -avi, -atum (salute)
ira, -ae, f (anger, ire)
invado, -ere, -vasi, -vasum (invade)
cor, cordis n (heart)
tristis, -e (bitter, sad)
iratus, -a, -um (angry)
vir, viri, m (man)
strenuus, -a, -um (vigorous)
carus, -a, -um (dear)
Romanus, -a, um (Roman)
populus, -i, m (people)
dico, -ere, dixi, dictum (say)
barbarus, -a, -um (barbarian)
oppugno, -are, -avi, -atum (attack)
cupio, -ere, -ivi, -itum (wish)
deleo, -ere, -evi, -etum (destroy, delete)
dies, -ei, m/f (day)
femina, -ae, f (woman)
puella, -ae, f (girls)
mulier, -eris, f (lady, adult woman)
uxor, -oris, f (wife)
flos, floris, m (flower)
do, dare, dedi datum (give)
pius, -a, -um (dutiful)
noster, -tra, -trum (our)
meus, -a, -um (my, mine)
amicus, -, m (friend)
diligens, -entis (diligent)
multus, -a, -um (much, many)
clarus, -a, -um (famous)
liberalis, -e, (generous)
asper, -era, -erum (rough)
res, -ei, f; publica, -ae, f (republic)
superbus, -a, -um (proud)
celebro, -are, -avi, -atum (celebrate)
anniversarium, -, n (anniversary)
ludus, -i, m (game)



III. AN EXAMPLE HOW TO DO IT:

defendo, -ere, -endi, -ensum (defend)
Roma, -ae, f (Rome)
invincibilis, -e (invincible)
a + ablative (from)
Gallus, -i, m (Gaul person, Gaulish)


- We have chosen the 5 words above to make the sentence which in English is:

"We defend the invincible Rome from the Gauls."

- After analyzing this English sentence, we find that "defend" is the
predicate of the sentence, and we can identify easily that "we defend",
is plural first person of the Present Tense. We dont' have to put "we"
in the sentence since Latin expresses "we" by the verb ending. We
examine the dictionary form of "defendo": we see it's third conjugation because infinitive ending "-ere"
indicates belonging to the third conjugation. In the table of
conjugations on the website, we find that the third conjugation plural
1st person ending is "-imus". So "we defend" becomes "defendimus" (1 pt).

- We find that the subject is "we", but it's already expressed by the ending "-imus", so we are done with the subject.

- We find the object, which is "Rome". The genitive ending of the dictionary form "-ae" shows it's first declension, where singular accusatives end in "-am". So "Rome" becomes "Romam" (1 pt).

- "Invincible", which is "invincibilis, -e" in Latin, has to agree with "Romam",
so we need the singular accusative of the feminine variant, which is
the same as the masculine since it's 3rd Declension adjective, so it's "invincibilis", which is "invincibilem" in accusative. (1 pt)

- We see that "from" in Latin is "a + ablative". Then we must put "Gallus" into plural ablative and place it after the preposition "a". From the table of declensions, after we have realized it's second declension as the genitive "-i" indicates, we chose the ending "-is", and the final form will be "a Gallis" (1+1 pt).

- We put the sentence together, in any optional word order, but
keeping in mind that normal, un-emphatic Latin word order is Subject -
Indirect Object - Object - Adverbial - Verb:

"Romam invincibilem a Gallis defendimus. (We defend the invincible Rome from the Gauls)." 5 points


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Ti. Valeria Celeris omnibus civibus s. p. d.
 
This is the 6th
(ETC) day of the Ludi Romani, and this is our historical contest about the
Constitutio Antoniniana, honoring the 1800th Anniversary of the law
that gave Roman citizenship to the entire Empire. Learn more about this contest
and about past question on our ludi webpage:
 
http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani/Certamen_Historicum_de_Constitutione_Antoniniana#Day_6_.28September_14th.29
 
Participate in the Certamen Historicum de Constitutione
Antoniniana, let the world know you are proud of your Roman citizenship!
 
Rember, you can get points for quickness of answer, so be
fast to answer first!
 
SEND ANSWERS to: antoninianum@...
 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
QUESTION 5 & 6 - (September 14th)

5. Before the edict, what was the most common way men became Roman citizens?

6. The new citizens enjoyed two advantages from this law. What were they?
 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
RULES
 
1. There are points for correctness and points for quickness
of answers.
2. Each correct answer is worth 1 point. An extra point may
be awarded for an especially detailed and excellent answer. Half point may be
given for an incomplete but otherwise correct answer.
3. For each question, the contestant who is first to answer
that question, regardless to its correctness, gets 3 points for quickness. The
second prerson to answer the question gets 2 points, the third person gets 1
point.
4. Answers are to be sent to antoninianum@... before the
official publishing of the correct answers on the mailing lists of Nova Roma.
 


To an array of sharp sabres, the Butterknife instills terror.

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Forward from M. Flavius Denovanus Victor:

LUDI ROMANI: Q#6 -
Certamen Historicum de Legione XXI Rapace
 

M. Flavius Denovanus Victor
omnibus civibus s. p. d.
 
This is the 5th day of the Ludi
Romani, and this is our historical contest about the Legio XXI Rapax,
remembering the 1920th Anniversary of its destruction. Learn more
about this contest and about past questions on our ludi webpage:
 
http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani/Certamen_Historicum_de_Legione_XXI_Rapace
 
Participate in the Certamen
Historicum de Legione XXI Rapace, and honor the memory of the brave soldiers of
Rome who died 1920 years ago, in the Rapax!
 
Remember, you can get points for
quickness of answer, so be fast to answer first!
 
SEND ANSWERS ON 14 SEP.
 to: rapacianum@...
 
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
QUESTION 6 - (September
14th)
 
Under
whose Governorship did Legio XIV Gemina & Legio XXI Rapax revolt against
Domitian?
 
_____________________________________________________________
 
RULES
 
1. There are points for
correctness and points for quickness of answers.
2. Each correct answer is worth 1
point. An extra point may be awarded for an especially detailed and excellent
answer. Half point may be given for an incomplete but otherwise correct
answer.
3. For each question, the
contestant who is first to answer that question, regardless to its correctness,
gets 3 points for quickness. The second person to answer the question gets 2
points, the third person gets 1 point.
4. Answers are to be sent to rapacianum@... before the official
publishing of the correct answers on the mailing lists of Nova Roma.
 
POINTS SO FAR:
 
                                   
Marcus Rebivs Cacaius Assellio                16 
points
                                   
Comicen Tiberivs Flaccus                           
14  points
                                   
Krzysztof Trębski                                        
10  points
Marcus Prometheus                                       8.5
points
                       
           
C. Cornelia Urbana                                    
    1
points
 
Keep going and best of
luck!



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Cn. Lentulus scriba aedilicius Quiritibus sal.

You can join the contest even now, so don't hesitate.

This is the 5th question. We are near to the end, tally-ho, go, go! Be Roman and try Latin: you can lose nothing, you may win eveything: the eternal language of mankind, the language of Rome.

Follow the Certamen Latinum on its ludi webpage:

http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani/Certamen_Latinum


CURRENT STANDINGS

1. V. Aemilia Regilla = 59 pts
2. P. Annæus Constantinus Placidus = 55 pts
3. A. Liburnius Hadrianus = 23.5 pts
4. Cezary Wyszynski (Marcus Rebius Cacaius Assellio) /non-citizen/ = 11 pts
6. Cn. Valerius Calvus = 4 pts

INCREDIBLE!!! Aemilia Regilla took over the lead! She left the invincible Placidus behind! Maybe we can celebrate a new Latin champion this time? But Placidus is very close to her, very, close, and in our remaining questions everything, and here I mean EVERYTHING can happen. Our veteran latinist Liburnius did not yet send the 3rd and 4th answers, neither did Cacaius, the famous reenactor, our guest player here. They can turn over the race - if he can send in the answers in time. Let's Cn. Valerius will send more answers: he can win, if he dares. It's not impossible!
And everyone can start the race even now, so join in, and be a Latinist today!


RULES

1. Questions are posted daily, one question per one day. There will be 6 questions in total.

2. Answers are to be sent to <cnaeus_cornelius@...


QUESTION # 5


I. INTRODUCTION 5 - Past Tenses

We have so far learned the dictionary forms of Latin nouns and
verbs. We declined nouns, adjectives, and conjugated verbs in the
Present Tense, and yesterday we composed our first simple Latin
sentences. Today we will learn about the three Past Tenses of Latin
verbs.

1. The Imperfect Tense

The Imperfect Tense indicates either a perpetual, or an ongoing
but incomplete action in the past. It can express any action in the past
that was not completed. This tense is similar to the English Past
Progressive ("I was saying"), but depending on context, it can also be
identified with English Past Simple ("I said"). "Dícébam" can be translated to mean "I was saying," and less frequently: "I said," or "I used to say".

This tense is formed from the 2nd dictionary part, by cutting off the infinitive endings "-are", "-ére", "-ere" and "-ire",
and replacing them with the personal endings shown in the table on our
website, respectively to the conjugation group to which the verb belongs
to.
Learn the conjugation of the Imperfect Tense on our website:

http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation#Imperfect_Tense

2. The Perfect Tense

The Perfect Tense refers to an action completed in the past. It
expresses a finished action in the past. If the action were not
finished, but still lies in the past, one would use the Imperfect Tense.
The Latin Perfect Tense is equivalent to the English Present Perfect
("I have said"), but unlike English, the Latin Perfect Tense is used in
the function of English Past Simple whenever it describes a finished,
completed event, the series of actions in a past time story. Thus "díxí" can be translated as "I have said," or, more often, "I said".

This tense is formed from the 3rd dictionary part, by cutting off the Perfect Tense first person singular ending "-í", and replacing it with the personal endings shown in the table on our website.

Learn the conjugation of the Perfect Tense on our website:

http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation#Perfect_Tense

3. The Pluperfect Tense

Just like in English, in Latin, too, the Pluperfect Tense is used
to assert an action that was completed before another action in the
past. "Díxeram" translates as "I had said."

This tense is formed from the 3rd dictionary part, by cutting off the Perfect Tense first person singular ending "-í", and replacing it with the personal endings shown in the table on our website.

Learn the conjugation of the Pluperfect Tense on our website:

http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation#Pluperfect_Tense


II. QUESTION 5

Before you start, it's necessary to understand what "compound" or
"complex sentence" means. A compound or complex sentence is composed of
two or more simple sentences joined together by a conjunction ("and",
"but", "because", "when" etc.). Each component sentence must contain a
verb.

- Create 2 compound/complex Latin sentences using the three types of Past Tenses, from the words given below in their dictionary forms. 
- You must use exactly 10 words in each sentence, and you can use each word only once. 
- Remember that in a compound/complex sentence there shall be at least ONE conjunction (a word like "and", "but", "because"), and at least TWO verbs, separated by the conjunction. 
- You also have to translate your sentences to English.

Follow the guidelines here:
http://novaroma.org/nr/Declension

http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation

http://novaroma.org/nr/Latin_sentence


Some names:

Roma, -ae, f (Rome)
Maria, -ae f (Maria)
Caracalla, ae m (Caracalla)
Brutus, -i, m (Brutus)
Cassius, -i, m (Cassius)
Cicero, -onis, m (Cicero)
Caesar, -aris, m (Caesar)
Curio, -onis, m (Curio)
Pompeius, -i, m (Pompey)
Popillia, -ae f (Popillia)

Conjunctions:

et (and)
sed (but)
ergo (so, therefore)
quia (because)
ubi (where)
cum (when)
postquam (after /that/)
quamquam (although)

Time words and various expressions:

subito (suddenly)
numquam (never)
semper (always)
iam (already)
heri (yesterday)
tandem (at last)
prius (earlier)
postea (later)
non (not)

Prepositions:

de + ablative (about)
in + ablative (in)
in + accusative (to, into)
ex + ablative (from)
cum + ablative (with)
pro + ablative (for, in the interest of)
trans + accusative (across)
propter + accusative (because of)

Nouns, adjectives and verbs:

legio, -onis, f (legion)
rapax, -acis (rapacious)
omnis, -e (all)
incola, -ae m (inhabitant)
civitas, -atis, f (state, citizenry)
libertas, -atis, f (freedom)
defendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensum (defend)
mos, moris, m (tradition, custom)
scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum (write)
epistula, -ae, f (letter, mail)
eventus, -ús, m (event)
senatus, -ús, m (senate)
saluto, -are, -avi, -atum (salute)
ira, -ae, f (anger, ire)
invado, -ere, -vasi, -vasum (invade)
cor, cordis n (heart)
tristis, -e (bitter, sad)
iratus, -a, -um (angry)
vir, viri, m (man)
strenuus, -a, -um (vigorous)
carus, -a, -um (dear)
Romanus, -a, um (Roman)
populus, -i, m (people)
dico, -ere, dixi, dictum (say)
barbarus, -a, -um (barbarian)
oppugno, -are, -avi, -atum (attack)
cupio, -ere, -ivi, -itum (wish)
deleo, -ere, -evi, -etum (destroy, delete)
dies, -ei, m/f (day)
femina, -ae, f (woman)
puella, -ae, f (girls)
mulier, -eris, f (lady, adult woman)
uxor, -oris, f (wife)
flos, floris, m (flower)
do, dare, dedi datum (give)
pius, -a, -um (dutiful)
meus, -a, -um (my, mine)
suus, -a, -um (his/her/its)
noster, -tra, -trum (our, ours)
amicus, -, m (friend)
diligens, -entis (diligent)
multus, -a, -um (much, many)
clarus, -a, -um (famous)
liberalis, -e, (generous)
asper, -era, -erum (rough)
res, -ei, f; publica, -ae, f (republic)
superbus, -a, -um (proud)
celebro, -are, -avi, -atum (celebrate)
anniversarium, -, n (anniversary)
ludus, -i, m (game)
invenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum (find)
optimus, -a, -um (perfect)
lentus, -a, -um (slow)
forum, -i, n (square, forum)
felis, -is, f (cat)
curro, -ere, cucurri, cursum (run)
via, -ae, f (street)
incipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum (start)
cena, -ae, f (dinner)
hospes, -itis, mf (guest)
bibo, -ere, bibi, bibitum (drink)
vinum, -i, n (wine)
cano, -ere, cecini, cantum (sing)
hilarus, -a, -um (cheerful)
carmen, -inis, n (song)
Latinus, -a, -um (Latin)
malus, -a, -um (bad)
senator, -oris, m (senator)
oratio, -onis, f (speech)
sententia, -ae, f (proposal, sentence)
liber, libri, m (book)
natura, -ae, f (nature)
finio, -ire, -ivi, -itum (finish)
ceterus, -a, um (other, the rest of)
officium, -i, n (duty)
habeo, -ere, -bui, -bitum (have)
liber, -era, -erum (free)
tempus, -oris, n (time)



III. AN EXAMPLE HOW TO DO IT:


Cicero, -onis, m (Cicero)
intro, -are, -avi, -atum (enter)
cella, -ae, f (room)
pulcher, -chra, -chrum (beautiful)
ubi (where)
clarus, -a, -um (famous)
Pompeius, -i, m (Pompey)
scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum (write)
epistula, -ae, f (letter, mail)
longus, -a, -um (long)



- We have chosen the 10 words above (1 conjunction, "ubi", and 2
verbs, "intro" and "scribo", among them as required) to make the
sentence which in English is:


"Cicero entered the beautiful room where the famous Pompey was writing a long letter."


- You will have to analyze the two predicates, "entered" and "was
writing". With "was writing" there is no problem at all, because this is
an English Past Progressive, which, in Latin, always appears as an
Imperfect. Thus, form the conjugation table, you will get "scribebat". (1 pt)


- "Enter" is more difficult, because it's English Past Simple, which
can be both Latin Imperfect and Latin Perfect. Since we have already an
Imperfect and this action of "entering the room" is "more finished"
than Pompey's "writing", it seems reasonable to think that "entered" is a
Perfect Tense in Latin. You check the conjugation table on our website,
and you find it's "intravit". (1 pt)


- Based on yesterday's exercise, you translate the rest of the sentence (8 pts) easily as it contains no new grammar, and the result is:


"Cicero cellam pulchram intravit ubi Pompeius clarus epistulam
longam scribebat. (Cicero entered the beautiful room where the famous
Pompey was writing a long letter.)" (10 pts)



[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Ti. Valeria Celeris omnibus civibus s. p. d.
 
This is the 7th
(ETC) day of the Ludi Romani, and this is our historical contest about the
Constitutio Antoniniana, honoring the 1800th Anniversary of the law
that gave Roman citizenship to the entire Empire. Learn more about this contest
and about past question on our ludi webpage:
 
http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani/Certamen_Historicum_de_Constitutione_Antoniniana#Day_7_.28September_15th.29
  
Participate in the Certamen Historicum de Constitutione
Antoniniana, let the world know you are proud of your Roman citizenship!

Our Status Update:
Marcus Prometheus is in the lead with 19 points.
A. Iulius Paterculus is in second with 14 points.
A. Liburnius Hadrianus in third with 9 points.
C. Cornelia Urbana in fourth with 4 points
Marcus Octavius Marcellus in fifth with 3 points.

 
Remember, you can get points for quickness of answer, so be
fast to answer first!
Also there is still plenty of time to get answers in. So please give it a try. :)
 
SEND ANSWERS to: antoninianum@...
 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
QUESTION 7 - (September 15th)
 7.  Our last question concerns our modern Nova Roman
concept of citizenship. The idea of citizenship and Romanitas as interconnected
basic elements of Roman identity is one of the very core ideas which brought
Nova Roma into life, therefore the importance of possessing formal citizenship
is carefully highlighted by Nova Roma. How can this Nova Roman citizenship be
obtained today?
 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
RULES
 
1. There are points for correctness and points for quickness
of answers.
2. Each correct answer is worth 1 point. An extra point may
be awarded for an especially detailed and excellent answer. Half point may be
given for an incomplete but otherwise correct answer.
3. For each question, the contestant who is first to answer
that question, regardless to its correctness, gets 3 points for quickness. The
second prerson to answer the question gets 2 points, the third person gets 1
point.
4. Answers are to be sent to antoninianum@... before the
official publishing of the correct answers on the mailing lists of Nova Roma.
 


To an array of sharp sabres, the Butterknife instills terror.

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Cn. Lentulus Quiritibus sal.
The LAST QUESTION!! Forwarded and completed with a second part which in the previous posting of M. Flavius Denovanus there has been accidentally left out.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LUDI ROMANI: Q#7 - Certamen Historicum de Legione XXI Rapace

M. Flavius Denovanus Victor omnibus civibus s. p. d.

This is the 7th day of the Ludi Romani, and this is our historical contest about the Legio XXI Rapax, remembering the 1920th Anniversary of its destruction. Learn more about this contest and about past questions on our ludi webpage:

http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani/Certamen_Historicum_de_Legione_XXI_Rapace

Participate in the Certamen Historicum de Legione XXI Rapace, and honor the memory of the brave soldiers of Rome who died 1920 years ago, in the Rapax! 

Remember, you can get points for quickness of answer, so be fast to answer first!

SEND ANSWERS ON 15 SEP. to: rapacianum@...

__________________________________________________________QUESTION 7 - (September 15th) LAST DAY

"Our last question contains two parts. Firstly, the Legio XXI Rapax was the most important element in the army of which of Vitellius' generals in the campaign of AD69 against Otho? And the second part of this last question brings us to our modern era, and concerns the revival of Legio XXI Rapax as a reenactment legion. In which province of Nova Roma has been established the Legio XXI Rapax reenactment group of Nova Roma?" 
__________________________________________________________

RULES

1. There are points for correctness and points for quickness of answers.
2. Each correct answer is worth 1 point. An extra point may be awarded for an especially detailed and excellent answer. Half point may be given for an incomplete but otherwise correct answer.
3. For each question, the contestant who is first to answer that question, regardless to its correctness, gets 3 points for quickness. The second person to answer the question gets 2 points, the third person gets 1 point.
4. Answers are to be sent to rapacianum@... before the official publishing of the correct answers on the mailing lists of Nova Roma.

Last question and best of Luck!

FINAL SCORES TOMORROW EVENING 













[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

John Bray;

In regard to your question about bearings, in my reading and research
I have seen nothing about the use of steeel or iron ball or roller
bearings. They (the ancients) were certainly aware of the advantage
of using rollers (logs) to move heavy objects. I have seen drawings
of "Wagons" built entirely around a marble round of a portion of a
pillar with wooden planks and then used these structures as wheels
harnessed to cattle or horses for movement. Launching a ship built
on a set of ways was also very probably done with rollers of some
kind. However, my thoughts in regard to metal bearings, as we know
them, for let us say wagon wheels, was not conceived of. as far as I
am aware. As late as the early 1900s in western America farmers were
still using a tapered end on the wagon axle to be greased and then
the wheel fitted over the taper with a leather seal of some kind to
hold the grease.

In regard to rolling iron and steel, to begin with the "steel " which
was present in swords and other weapons, was not the steel that we
know today, obviously. It was arrived at by taking the finished
blade, wrapping it in some combustible material and packing it away in
some sort of chemical substance until cool. I am not sure about what
that substance was since it was most probably a natural material. My
experience as a blacksmith was that we heated the metal to the color
that was wanted for the hardness and toughness and then plunged it in
cold black oil. Light oil couldn't be used because of the fire
danger. Rolling iron was done in the Roman way with slaves. Chunks
of iron which was delivered in "pigs" were cut with chisels and then
heated and pounded out using slaves. Nearly all manufacturing , and
heavy work was done by slave power. That is the material that I have
read and my experience in doing some of the similar things about which
you speak.

I hope that you don't mind my sharing your question with all of my
organizational groups. Those who belong to these groups have
indicated an interest in questions and responses of this kind, and
similar material to this has been in short supply recently. I have
been working on some drawings of some Byzantine Battles, and when I
finally finish with them I will put them on my blog. Just this
morning I finished a drawing of a Confederate Torpedo Boat (steam
powered) and I will be putting that on my blog as soon as I get it
back, as well. First though, I must make copies for all the members
of our Civil War unit, the Northeast Topographical Engineers.

Another book in which you may be interested is the following:

--Phillip Matyszak, "Legionary, The Roman Soldier's Manual." Thames
and Hudson Pub. Ltd., London, 2009 (ISBN 978-0-500-25151-5)--

This is an interesting book if you have an interest in the Roman
Legions. It reads as though you were a new recruit to the army from
your original consideration to join the legions, through 1-Joining the
Roman Army, 2-Good Legion Guide, 3-Alternative Military Careers, 4-Kit
and Equipment, 5-Training, Dicipline, Rank, 6-Enemies,7-Life In Camp,
8-On Campaign, 9-Sorming A City, 10-Battle, 11-Aftermath.

When you finish you will have a pretty good idea of what the legions
are all about. Another Book that I bought years ago when I first
joined Nova Roma is:

--Adkins and Adkins, "Handbook To Life in Ancient Rome," Oxford Univ.
Press, New York, 1994 (ISBN 0-19-512332-8; pbk.).

This book is not only very informative about most of the elements of
Ancient Rome, but it aso includes a robust bibliography at the end of
each chapter . I have used it throughout my many years in Nova Roma,
and now it is again proving to be valuable in the RPR and to some
extent in the BN. My library about the Byzantine world is not quite
so voluminous, but I am slowly getting there! The byzantines
considered themselves to be Romans until the day Constantinople fell
so much of what is found in this book can be extended to the BN
periods. The early military arrangements of the BN were a direct
result of the earlier legions, and again, many of the items found in
the above legion manual lead into the military arrangements of the BN.

All the Best to You and Yours;

Respectfully;

Marcus Audens

John;

Well, I am not sure about this. I know that on heavy loads such a
large stone corn grinder no bearings were used since periodically the
stones had to be replaced when the stones central axis wore out. In
regard to water wheels for various tasks also there is no mention of
bearings.

In your diagram, the roller brgs. would have to be shaped and polished
to some degree and they would all need to conform to a given size in
circumference as well as being as close to being true round as
possible. This could only be done with black-smithing since they had
no way to shape the bearing to size and exact shape except by hand and
eye. Now if you made the brgs. from bronze or brass the bearings
could be cast, cut, and polished more easily, and of course the
holding rings could be cast as well, I think. I have never worked
with brass or bronze on a forge and I have no experience with casting
except that I am aware that a rough casting must be worked to make a
smooth path for the roller bearings. I think there was a very basic
casting industry, but I really don't know what size that capability
could produce. Lead was shipped in cast "pigs" so there was some
knowledge in that area. A hardwood bearing could probably have been
made with a hardwood bearing ring, but it would still have to be
greased periodically or oiled to smooth the operation. The Landel's
book talks about the ancient engineer's and their ideas, but also
makes some comments about what these people seemed to have missed
which is plainly obvious to us today, even without specific knowledge
and training.

There is also the idea of need. We use brgs. to make things last
longer and to reduce work, however, if you have slaves to do the work,
you don't worry about that so much. I agree that the Romans were
"closer to the ground" than we are in our current century, but I am
not sure that they either saw the need for brgs. as we do, nor were
they worried about saving manpower since slavery was so wide spread.
I refer you to Hero's steam engine. When he presented the invention
to the Emperor and suggested that such be used to power a boat instead
of slave rowers, he made hero destroy is invention, because such a new
idea would completely upset a civilization based on slavery.

You are certainly right in that there are many things that the Romans
were capable of, but they weren't much on initial new ideas. Rather
they usually borrowed ideas from other people , improved upon them and
made good use of them. Then to, he level of technology and available
materials, also depend upon new and needed ideas. In looking over the
Landel's Book on ancient engineering, there is a discussion on
smelting and the temperature limit 1100 t0 1300 degrees F due to
proper fuel, but there is no mention of bearings although there is a
number of discussions about water wheels as pumps, and as food grinders.

If anyone in the militariums, or the discussion forums who read this,
and have any references to the use of ball or roller bearings or the
use of anything of that nature, John Bray and I should very much
appreciate the information.

Thanks for the permission to share this information.

All the best to you and yours;

Respectfully;

Marcus Audens

A. Hadrianus M. Audenti omnibusque in foro S.P.D.
 
The Romans did not quite use ball bearings as we do, but they existed and were used occasionally.
 
The link below presents the recent finding of the "rotating dining room of emperor Nero", a room where the floor of the dining rotates on its axis on "ball bearings" with a six feet diameter:
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1216986/Roman-Emperor-Neros-legendary-rotating-dining-room-uncovered-archaeologists.html
 
Valete optime 
ALH    

From: James Mathews <JLMTopog@... To: JOHN BRAY <jbray405@... Sent: Saturday, September 15, 2012 2:08 PM
Subject: [Nova-Roma] Re: Roller / Ball Bearings, iron and steel rolling


 
John;

Well, I am not sure about this. I know that on heavy loads such a
large stone corn grinder no bearings were used since periodically the
stones had to be replaced when the stones central axis wore out. In
regard to water wheels for various tasks also there is no mention of
bearings.

In your diagram, the roller brgs. would have to be shaped and polished
to some degree and they would all need to conform to a given size in
circumference as well as being as close to being true round as
possible. This could only be done with black-smithing since they had
no way to shape the bearing to size and exact shape except by hand and
eye. Now if you made the brgs. from bronze or brass the bearings
could be cast, cut, and polished more easily, and of course the
holding rings could be cast as well, I think. I have never worked
with brass or bronze on a forge and I have no experience with casting
except that I am aware that a rough casting must be worked to make a
smooth path for the roller bearings. I think there was a very basic
casting industry, but I really don't know what size that capability
could produce. Lead was shipped in cast "pigs" so there was some
knowledge in that area. A hardwood bearing could probably have been
made with a hardwood bearing ring, but it would still have to be
greased periodically or oiled to smooth the operation. The Landel's
book talks about the ancient engineer's and their ideas, but also
makes some comments about what these people seemed to have missed
which is plainly obvious to us today, even without specific knowledge
and training.

There is also the idea of need. We use brgs. to make things last
longer and to reduce work, however, if you have slaves to do the work,
you don't worry about that so much. I agree that the Romans were
"closer to the ground" than we are in our current century, but I am
not sure that they either saw the need for brgs. as we do, nor were
they worried about saving manpower since slavery was so wide spread.
I refer you to Hero's steam engine. When he presented the invention
to the Emperor and suggested that such be used to power a boat instead
of slave rowers, he made hero destroy is invention, because such a new
idea would completely upset a civilization based on slavery.

You are certainly right in that there are many things that the Romans
were capable of, but they weren't much on initial new ideas. Rather
they usually borrowed ideas from other people , improved upon them and
made good use of them. Then to, he level of technology and available
materials, also depend upon new and needed ideas. In looking over the
Landel's Book on ancient engineering, there is a discussion on
smelting and the temperature limit 1100 t0 1300 degrees F due to
proper fuel, but there is no mention of bearings although there is a
number of discussions about water wheels as pumps, and as food grinders.

If anyone in the militariums, or the discussion forums who read this,
and have any references to the use of ball or roller bearings or the
use of anything of that nature, John Bray and I should very much
appreciate the information.

Thanks for the permission to share this information.

All the best to you and yours;

Respectfully;

Marcus Audens

Avete Omnes,

To all Jew Nova Romans, I want to wish you all Good Yontiff and Shana
Tova. May the coming year bring to everyone peace and less troubles and be
as sweet as the honey.

Respectfully,

Sulla


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Cn. Lentulus scriba aedilicius Quiritibus sal.


This is the 6th and last question of the Ludi Romani Latin contest. Anyone who missed the past question still may join, so don't hesitate! Those who participate will have time to send the answers within 48 hours of THIS POSTING. Participate, for yourself, for the glory of Rome, for the glory of Latin, and for the glory of Nova Roma!


Follow the Certamen Latinum on its ludi webpage:

http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani/Certamen_Latinum

CURRENT RANKING

1. P. Annæus Constantinus Placidus = 68 pts
2. V. Aemilia Regilla = 59 pts
3. A. Liburnius Hadrianus = 23.5 pts
4. Cezary Wyszynski (Marcus Rebius Cacaius Assellio) /non-citizen/ = 11 pts
6. Cn. Valerius Calvus = 4 pts

WHAT an EXCITING race!!! Now Placidus has ordered Aemilia Regilla behind himself - though Aemilia has not sent answers to Question 5 so far, which means it may turn. Aemilia or Placidus? Placidus or Aemilia? A heoric gigant, best of all times Latin contests, Placidus, struggling with a new heroine, our next generation: Aemilia. but who wins tomorrow? Maybe we can celebrate a new Latin champion this time? But they are very close to each other, very close, and in our remaining questions everything, and here I mean EVERYTHING can happen. Our veteran latinist Liburnius did not yet send the 3rd, 4th and 5th answers, neither did Cacaius, the famous reenactor, our guest player. They can turn over the race - if they can send in the answers in time. I hope Cn. Valerius will send more answers: he can win, if he does the work. It's not impossible - until tomorrow!

And everyone can start the race even now, so join in, and be a Latinist today!


RULES 

1. Questions are posted daily, one question per one day. There will be 6 questions in total. 

2. Answers are to be sent to <cnaeus_cornelius@...


QUESTION # 5


I. INTRODUCTION 6 - Indirect Speech
What we are up to do! We are now at the top of the hardest Latin grammar! Is it possible? We have indeed made huge steps, 6 giant steps, and with these 6 steps we have now arrived to the hardest height of Latin grammar, the Indirect Discourse (or Indirect Speech) which includes the Subjunctive, the Sequence of Tenses rules and the Accusative with Infinitive, three things which made students of Latin cry since the Middle Age.
From the dictionary forms, where we had started, we went through all declensions of nouns and adjectives, we learned the conjugations of Present and Past Tenses, and yesterday we made our first complex Latin sentences. Today, on our last day, we will win and conquer the Indirect Speech, the jewel in our crown. You can be sure that if you can do today's exercise with at least 60% good result, Latin will be a piece of cake for you, and you will never have to fear anything in Latin grammar, because there will be nothing harder than that. So, if you are ready, up to work, to the last question of the Latin contest of these Ludi Romani!
WHAT IS INDIRECT SPEECH?
Indirect Speech (Reported Speech, or Indirect Discourse) refers to a sentence reporting what someone has said, thought, seen, heard or percieved by any mental activity. It is almost always used in spoken English.Direct Speech is:"Cicero said: 'I see Brutus in the garden'."Indirect Speech is:"Cicero said (that) he saw Brutus in the garden".From this example we can see that there must be some rules about the Sequence of Tenses, because in the Indirect Speech "see" became "saw". Yes, there is a Sequence of Tenses rule in English, too, and we will see that the Latin rules are similar, but Latin uses them only in Indirect Questions, because in Indirect Statements Latin has chosen an entirely different solution: the Accusative with Infinitive. We will take care of this first.
Now, there are three types of Indirect Speech, depending on the reported sentence if it is a statement, order or question, an Indirect Speech can be Indirect Statement, Indirect Command, or Indirect Question. Let's start with the Indirect Statements.
1. Indirect Statements
In English, the verb tense of the reported, indirect sentence follows a simple logical Sequence of Tense rule: if the reporting verb ("said") is in the past, the reported clause will be in a Past Tense. If the reporting verb is present ("say"), the reported clause will be in a Present Tense:With the reporting verb in Present:"Cicero says: 'I see Brutus in the garden'." (Direct Statement)"Cicero says (that) he sees Brutus in the garden." (Indirect Statement)With the reporting verb in Past:"Cicero said: 'I see Brutus in the garden'." (Direct Statement)"Cicero said (that) he saw Brutus in the garden." (Indirect Statement)Instead of this rule, in Latin we find that there is an entirely different construction, the Accusative with Infinitive, used for reporting statements.
1.1. Accusative with Infinitive
There is a similar construction in English, when you say "I see Brutus come," and "I see him go," where "come" is an infinitive without the usual "to" (otherwise it would have been "comes"), and "Brutus" is an accusative. English uses the Accusative plus Infinitive with verbs of wishing, believing and perception ("I believe Brutus to come"). The infinitive is usually introduced by "to", but in some cases (e.g. with "see") it's without "to"."I see Brutus come.""Video Brutum venire.""I believe Brutus to come.""Credo Brutum venire."However, English does not use this construction with verbs of saying. There is no "I say Brutus to come". English puts it as "I say (that) Brutus comes". In Latin, however, we must always use the Accusative with Infinitive construction with all verbs of saying, thinking, perceiving or communicating."I say (that) Brutus comes.""Dico Brutum venire." (Literally: "I say Brutus to come.")
1.2. Reported Statments' Timing in the Accusative with Infinitive Construction
1.2.1. If the Reported Statement is about an event which is contemporaneous, simultaneous with the time of the reporting verb, like "I say (that) Brutus comes (is coming)", or "I said (that) Brutus came (was coming), we use the Present Infinitive, i.e. the 2nd dictionary form:amo, -are, -avi, -atum -- dictionary form, and add ending "-isse" to the Perfect Stem:amo, -are, -av|i, -atum -- 2. Indirect Commands
An Indirect Command is a reported command. Indirect Commands express what someone begs, asks, urges or orders. Let's see an English example:"I begged that Brutus come.""Come" is an English Subjunctive here. Latin uses Subjunctive as well. But what is Subjunctive?
2.1. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
The Subjunctive is a verb mood typically used in subordinate clauses. It has three main uses: 1) it can express condition ("He would come here"), 2) it expresses commands ("Come here!"), and it indicates a cited question, Indirect Question ("She asks when he comes.") In this contest, we will apply only these last two uses when the Subjunctive is used in indirect commands and questions.Latin uses four Subjunctive Tenses: Present Subjunctive, Imperfect Subjunctive, Perfect Subjunctive and Pluperfect Subjunctive. These are used according to the "Sequence of Tenses" rules which you will see within two minutes. But before we proceed, please take a look at the following links to see how the Subjunctive Tenses look like:http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation#Subjunctive_Presenthttp://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation#Subjunctive_Imperfecthttp://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation#Subjunctive_Perfecthttp://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation#Subjunctive_Pluperfect
2.2. Sequence of Tenses in the Indirect Commands
This is how Indirect Commands work in Latin. If the verb introducing the Indirect Command is Present, Latin uses Present Subjunctive in the subordinate clause; if the main verb is Past, Latin uses Imperfect Subjunctive in the subordinate clause. English never varies, it uses always the Present Subjunctive. Let' see it on examples:With the reporting verb in Present:"I beg that Brutus come.""Oro ut Brutus veniat."With the reporting verb in Past:"I begged that Brutus come.""Oravi ut Brutus veniret." (Literally: "I begged that Brutus came/would come.")All Latin Indirect Commands have to be in Present or Imperfect Subjunctive follow the rules above.
3. Indirect Questions
An Indirect Question is a reported question, it reports what someone asks, or could have asked. English Indirect Questions follow the same Sequence of Tenses rules as in the case of Indirect Statements, but there's an additional change in the structure of the sentence:"From where does Brutus come?""Cicero asks from where Brutus comes."We can see that English changes word order and does not use the auxiliary verb "do/does" for Indirect Questions. In Latin you must use the Subjunctive to indicate Indirect Question. The Latin Sequence of Tenses for Indirect Questions is the following:
3.1. Sequence of Tenses in the Indirect Questions
3.1.1. If the time of the verb in the reported question is contemporaneous, simultaneous to the time the verb of asking that introduces the Indirect Question, you will usea) Present Subjunctive: if the reporting verb is Present;b) Imperfect Subjunctive: if the reporting verb is Past.With the reporting verb in Present:"I ask from where Brutus comes / is coming.""Quaero unde Brutus veniat."With the reporting verb in Past:"I asked from where Brutus came / was coming.""Quaesivi unde Brutus veniret."3.1.1. If the time of the verb in the reported question is prior to the time of the reporting verb of asking that introduces the Indirect Question, you will usea) Perfect Subjunctive: if the reporting verb is Present;b) Pluperfect Subjunctive: if the reporting verb is Past.With the reporting verb in Present:"I ask from where Brutus came / has come / was coming.""Quaero unde Brutus venerit."With the reporting verb in Past:"I asked from where Brutus had
come.""Quaesivi unde Brutus venisset."You must use the Subjunctive always, in this Sequence of Tenses, whenever you translate an Indirect Question to Latin.
II. QUESTION 6
- Create 3 sentences with Indirect Speech: ONE Indirect Statement, ONE Indirect Command, and ONE Indirect Question. Use only the words given below in their dictionary forms. - You must use exactly 10 words in each sentence, and you can use each word only once. 
- Remember that Indirect Speech is a complex sentence, and in a complex sentence there shall be at least TWO verbs, one of which is the reporting verb. 
- You also have to translate your sentences to English.
Follow the guidelines here:http://novaroma.org/nr/Declension%c2%a0
http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation%c2%a0
http://novaroma.org/nr/Latin_sentencePay special attention to follow the rules of Subjunctive formation:http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation#Subjunctive_Present%c2%a0
http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation#Subjunctive_Imperfect%c2%a0
http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation#Subjunctive_Perfect%c2%a0
http://novaroma.org/nr/Conjugation#Subjunctive_PluperfectSome names:Roma, -ae, f (Rome)Maria, -ae f (Maria)Caracalla, ae m (Caracalla)Brutus, -i, m (Brutus)Cassius, -i, m (Cassius)Cicero, -onis, m (Cicero)Caesar, -aris, m (Caesar)Curio, -onis, m (Curio)Pompeius, -i, m (Pompey)Popillia, -ae f (Popillia)Conjunctions:et (and)sed (but)ut (that, so that - introduces Indirect Command)cur (why)ubi (where)quando (when)cum (when - not used in questions!)ergo (so, therefore)quia (because)quamquam (although)Time words and various expressions:subito (suddenly)numquam (never)semper (always)iam (already)heri (yesterday)tandem (at last)prius (earlier)postea (later)non (not)Prepositions:de + ablative (about)in + ablative (in)in + accusative (to, into)ex + ablative (from)cum + ablative (with)pro + ablative (for, in the interest of)trans + accusative (across)propter + accusative (because of)Nouns, adjectives and verbs:quaero, -ere, quaesivi, -itum (ask)impero, -are, -avi,
-atum (order)dico, -ere, dixi, dictum (say)narro, -are, -avi, -atum (tell)scio, -ire, -ivi, -itum (know)nescio, -ire, -ivi, -itum (do/does not know)audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum (hear)legio, -onis, f (legion)rapax, -acis (rapacious)omnis, -e (all)incola, -ae m (inhabitant)civitas, -atis, f (state, citizenry)libertas, -atis, f (freedom)defendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensum (defend)mos, moris, m (tradition, custom)scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum (write)epistula, -ae, f (letter, mail)eventus, -ús, m (event)senatus, -ús, m (senate)saluto, -are, -avi, -atum (salute)ira, -ae, f (anger, ire)invado, -ere, -vasi, -vasum (invade)cor, cordis n (heart)tristis, -e (bitter, sad)iratus, -a, -um (angry)vir, viri, m (man)strenuus, -a, -um (vigorous)carus, -a, -um (dear)Romanus, -a, um (Roman)populus, -i, m (people)barbarus, -a, -um (barbarian)oppugno, -are, -avi, -atum (attack)cupio, -ere, -ivi, -itum (wish)deleo, -ere, -evi, -etum (destroy, delete)dies, -ei, m/f (day)femina,
-ae, f (woman)puella, -ae, f (girls)mulier, -eris, f (lady, adult woman)uxor, -oris, f (wife)flos, floris, m (flower)do, dare, dedi datum (give)pius, -a, -um (dutiful)meus, -a, -um (my, mine)suus, -a, -um (his/her/its)noster, -tra, -trum (our, ours)amicus, -, m (friend)diligens, -entis (diligent)multus, -a, -um (much, many)clarus, -a, -um (famous)liberalis, -e, (generous)asper, -era, -erum (rough)res, -ei, f; publica, -ae, f (republic)superbus, -a, -um (proud)celebro, -are, -avi, -atum (celebrate)anniversarium, -, n (anniversary)ludus, -i, m (game)invenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum (find)optimus, -a, -um (perfect)lentus, -a, -um (slow)forum, -i, n (square, forum)felis, -is, f (cat)curro, -ere, cucurri, cursum (run)via, -ae, f (street)incipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum (start)cena, -ae, f (dinner)hospes, -itis, mf (guest)bibo, -ere, bibi, bibitum (drink)vinum, -i, n (wine)cano, -ere, cecini, cantum (sing)hilarus, -a, -um (cheerful)carmen, -inis, n (song)Latinus,
-a, -um (Latin)malus, -a, -um (bad)senator, -oris, m (senator)oratio, -onis, f (speech)sententia, -ae, f (proposal, sentence)liber, libri, m (book)natura, -ae, f (nature)finio, -ire, -ivi, -itum (finish)ceterus, -a, um (other, the rest of)officium, -i, n (duty)habeo, -ere, -bui, -bitum (have)liber, -era, -erum (free)tempus, -oris, n (time)

III. AN EXAMPLE HOW TO DO IT:audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum (hear)miles, -itis, m (soldier)Pompeius, -i, m (Pompey)bello, -are, -avi, -atum (fight)contra + accusative (against)hostis, -is m (enemy)nescio, -ire, -ivi, -itum (do/does not know)cur (why)Caesar, -aris, m (Caesar)vinco, -ere, vici, victum (win)
In this example, in order to illustrate better the grammar discussed above, we will include both an Indirect Statement and an Indirect Question to the sentence, but remember, that you have to use only one kind of Indirect Speech in one sentence.- We have chosen these 10 words above, with the verb "hear" ("audio") as the verb introducing the Indirect Statement, and "don't know" ("nescio") as the verb that introduces the Indirect Question. We want to make the following English sentence:"We heard that the soldiers of Pompey had fought against the enemies, but we don't know why Caesar won." (7 pts)- In the first part there is an Indirect Statement, which means that we have to use the Accusative with Infinitive construction here. We see that the time of the reported statement's verb "had fought" is prior to the time of the reporting verb "heard", so "had fought" will be translated with a Perfect Infinitive: "bellavisse". (1 pt) 
- We put "the soldiers" in accusative ("milites"), because that's the object of the construction "we heard the soldiers to have fought". (1pt) - The second part is an Indirect Question (why Caesar won), thus we will use the Subjunctive. The time of the reported question's verb, "won" is prior to the time of the reporting verb "I don't know", which is a Present Tense. So, according to the rules of the Sequence of Tenses, after Present reporting verb if a verb of prior time follows, the repored verb shall be in Perfect Subjunctive, which we can find on the website, and following the rules of its formation described there, we get "vicerit". (1 pt) 
- After translating everything else (7 pts), which is not new grammar, we get the following result:"Audivimus milites Pompeii contra hostes bellavisse, sed nescimus cur Caesar vicerit."


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Omnibus in foro S. P. D.

First, I would like to thank all the cives who participated in these Ludi. Without you, these games would be paltry efforts, indeed ..you make them live, and you have!

Next, my deep appreciation and heartfelt thanks to my cohors! You did what I knew you would do ...pick up my slack when my life became ...more than a little hectic, and handling it was a bit like riding an unbroken horse, bareback. But I could do so, in confidence, because of you, all of you. I believe that, in many respects, a magistrate is only as good as those who work with him/her ...and you all are the absolute best!

I hope that you have enjoyed the Ludi Romani, and that you will give your support to next year's Aediles by participating, enthusiastically, in next year's games. It has been an honor and a pleasure to serve you this year, and I thank the Senate for the opportunity to do so.

With honor and gratitude to Iupiter Optimus Maximus, Iuno, Mars Pater, Venus Genetrix, Vesta, and all the gods of Rome, I now declare the Ludi Romani closed. I know there are some loose ends, like the announcement of quiz winners to be dealt with, and that will be done, as soon as we can.

Valete bene!
C. Maria Caeca
Curule Aedile in Nova Roma

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John;

Well, following your "flow of engineering juices," I dug into the book
"The Ancient Engineers" (L. Sprague de Camp). Looking into the
Oriental Engineers after the period 700 AD to 900 AD the Islamic
engineers deal in carriage wheels and pivoting axles as well as
windmills of different kinds, water clocks, and a number of other
items using wheels and axles. However, there is no mention of
bearings of any kind. I will have to go and dig into my library and
look into my encyclopedia, or go to the local library. If I find
anything about bearings of any kind I will let you know.

Meanwhile, in my spare time, I will be drawing maps for the coming
reenactment event on Sept. 29. The event host has asked me for a map
copy and so I will accommodate him as best that I can. I am also
collecting maps of battles both in Roman period and the Byzantine
period. I try to draw the map and then give it some basic colors so
that those who are not familiar with reading maps can easily make
sense of them.

Regards;

Marcus Audens

Salve!

I know it's been a long time since I last posted a fight with an illnes and taking care if my injured mother has prevented me
From being as active as i would like to have been. How is everyone? What has changed In my absence I shall post more from now on

Vale bene,

Ti. Aurelius trio

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Sta. Cornelia Aeternia Omnibus in foro S.P.D.

I apologize for the tardiness of this. By the request of Lentulus I am
sharing this here. I found this to be done quite well personally.

The Super Sizers Go are a British food critic duo who sample foods &
lifestyle habits of various periods of history. This time take they take on
foods of the period of the Roman Empire.


Broken down into six links, the impersonations of Lucullus & Boudicca I
thought were entertaining at least and there was an ode to the Vestal
Virgins. And yeah dormice, um never ever trying it... Guest appearances by
Adrian Goldsworthy and that one guy from HBO's "Rome".

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=swhEbBDwM0I -- Part I


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9cn9Z4-zc1s&feature=relmfu -- Part II

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gj4_xQSzYeQ&feature=relmfu -- Part III

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pq0eg40Mybk&feature=relmfu -- Part IV

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFv7q6SbwhQ&feature=relmfu -- Part V

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07tAklpRaKg&feature=relmfu -- Part VI

Enjoy!

Valete Optime,
Aeternia

--
"De mortuis nil nisi bonum"


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Gaius Tullius Valerianus Germanicus Augur Consul omnibus in his foris S.P.D.

Salvete omnes! I hope enjoyed the Ludi Romani, when we celebrate
being Roman! Welcome back to the Roman Virtues Project - an ongoing
exploration and discussion of the Roman virtues and what it means to be
Roman, undertaken by the citizens and prospective citizens of Nova Roma! I
intend to post a new topic in the Roman Virtue Project on or around the
market day once every nundinal period (check the fasti at
http://novaroma.org/nr/Fasti_MMDCCLXV if you're not sure when the next
nundinae are). Anyway, on to the next virtue . . .

Roman Virtue:* Pietas*

Our website says of *Pietas*: "Dutifulness" More than religious piety; a
respect for the natural order socially, politically, and religiously.
Includes the ideas of patriotism and devotion to others. Perhaps the
canonical exemplar would be Vergil <http://novaroma.org/nr/Vergil portrayal of "Pius" Aeneas.

The Oxford Latin Dictionary defines *Pietas* as it relates to Roman virtue
thus:
"1. An attitude of dutiful respect towards those to whom one is bound by
ties of religion, consanguinity, etc.
2. (spec., applied to the attitude of man towards the gods) *b. *(of the
reciprocal feeling of gods towards human beings)
3. (of relationships between human beings): *a. *(of children to parents), *b.
*(of parents to children), *c. *(between husband and wife), *d. *(other
relationships)
4. (of citizens towards a State or ruler; also of government towards
citizen), *b. *(of troops to a commander)

So what does this mean for us as Nova Romans today?

*Pietas *is often thought of as the quintessentially Roman virtue.
Vergil made it the subject and theme of the *Aeneid, *in which the primary
virtue his hero Aeneas exemplifies is said to be *pietas. *So what IS it?
It does not simply translate as its English derivative, "piety," although
something of the same idea remains in the English. The Latin *pietas *is so
much more, however. It is perhaps best translated by the English word
"devotion" - a Roman should be *devoted, *never half-hearted - devoted to
Rome, devoted to the gods, devoted to friends, devoted to family.
Prioritizing these duties was part of the complex task of living *pietas. *For
example, according to legend, when one of the first pair of consuls of the
new Republic discovered that his sons were plotting to overthrow the
Republic and restore the monarchy, he had them executed - yes, he was
devoted to his family, but the Republic was more important. Some Romans
lauded this act of virtue, others were horrified by the seeming lack of
family feeling. So never think that *pietas *will be easy to quantify, or
prioritize, or live.

What are your thoughts on *pietas*? Who are the paragons and exemplars
of *pietas* from Roma Antiqua and Nova Roma? Certainly, Vergil's *pius
Aeneas *exemplified the idea. I know there are some among us devoted to
exploring what *pietas *means, like my good friend Quintus Caecilius
Metellus Pius Postumianus, who has told me many times that he sees his
agnomen "Pius" as "something to live up to." Who else do you see as models
of *pietas?*

Data Phoenice a.d. XVI Kalendas Octobres anno A.U.C. MMDCCLXV (Cn. Caesare
C. Tullio consulibus)

Sent from Phoenix September 16th, in the year from the founding of the city
2765 (in the consulship of Cn. Caesar and C. Tullius)


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Salvete omnes,

I would like to say that I'm back from summer vacations and after
putting this semester on the tack I'm now again available as usual for NR.

Caeca and everyone on the organization I'm sorry I have missed the Ludi
Romani.

So how are everyone in NR?

Valete optime,
Crassus

Salvete,
 
Here is our status report for the Certamen Historicum de Constitutione Antoniniana.
 
Marcus Prometheus 23
A. Liburnius Hadrianus 19
A. Iulius Paterculus 14
C. Cornelia Urbana  4
Marcus Octavius Marcellus 3
 
Great job everybody :)
 
Valete,
 
Ti. Valeria Celeris


To an array of sharp sabres, the Butterknife instills terror.

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Cn. Lentulus scriba aedilicius Quiritibus salutem:

Thank you for all who participated in the Certamen Latinum! You did a hard and excellent job, and Nova Roma is proud of you! You have come closer to being a Roman, a real Roman.

There has remained only one honorable duty for me, to announce the results and the winner.


1. THE WINNER OF THE CERTAMEN LATINUM IS....


what a surprise...

again...


P. ANNAEUS CONSTANTINUS PLACIDUS

Congratulations, P. Annaee Constantine!

You prove to be, again and again, the best Latin contestant of Nova Roma. What a champion!


2. THE SECOND BEST IS...


V. AEMILIA REGILLA

Heartfelt congratulations, Aemilia! You are upgrading from contest to contest. In your person, we may celebrate a winner soon, gods willing.


3. THE THIRD BEST IS...


A. LIBURNIUS HADRIANUS

Sincere congratulations, with the hope that next time you will be the winner!



Check all questions and results on our website:

http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_%28Nova_Roma%29/Certamen_Latinum

See the celebration of the winners on the main Ludi Romani page:

http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_%28Nova_Roma%29


RESULTS OF THE CERTAMEN LATINUM

1st Place: P. Annaeus Constantinus Placidus -- 97 points
2nd Place: V. Aemilia Regilla -- 87.5 points
3rd Place: A. Liburnius Hadrianus -- 23.5 points
4th Place: Cezary Wyszynski (M. Rebius Cacaius Asellio) -- 11 points
5th Place: Cn. Valerius Calvus -- 4 points


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Cn. Lentulus scriba aedilicius Quiritibus s. p.

Salvete, Quirites!

You can see the summary of results of all certamina/contests in our main Ludi Romani page:

http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_%28Nova_Roma%29


THE PRIZE

This time, the prize for winning a certamen is to be featured and celebrated in the
Nova Roma website in an interview. If you are a winner, you will be
contacted soon. Interviews will be made during the upcoming days and
presented here.



ANSWERS AND RESULTS OF THE CERTAMINA

All solutions, answers and results of to the single certamina can be seen here:

CERTAMEN HISTORICUM - CONSTITUTIO ANTONINIA:

http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_%28Nova_Roma%29/Certamen_Historicum_de_Constitutione_Antoniniana

CERTAMEN HISTORICUM - LEGIO XXI RAPAX:

http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_%28Nova_Roma%29/Certamen_Historicum_de_Legione_XXI_Rapace

CERTAMEN LATINUM:

http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_%28Nova_Roma%29/Certamen_Latinum


Vivat Nova Roma!
Cn. Lentulus
scriba


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Salvete, Quirites!

Fellow citizens, please watch the beautiful photo reports about the two live events of this year's Ludi Romani:

http://novaroma.org/nr/Ludi_Romani_in_Plovdiv_and_Szolnok


Valete optime!
Vivat Nova Roma!
Vivant Ludi Romani!

CN. LENTVLVS
scriba aedilicius
aedili Mariae Caecae


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Salvete, Novi Romani!

With technical delay, though, but please take a look at our "real" gladiatorial games that were performed during the Ludi Romani!

A rare occasion to have not only virtual gladiatorial combats during a ludus but "real" one. The combats were held in a real Roman circus, in the Plovdiv Ludi Romani:

http://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=vb.100002651046269&type=2


Valete!
Cn. Lentulus
scriba aedilis Mariae Caecae


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SALVETE, QUIRITES!

I would like to officially thank and recognize the hard and devoted work of Valeria Celeris and M. Flavius Denovanus Victor for creating and conducting the historical contests.

Both fairly new citizens, and they showed us example how to serve our Commonwealth, the Nova Roman People and Republic.

Long live Denovanus! Long live Valeria!

VALETE!
Cn. Lentulus
scriba aedilicius C. Mariae Caecae


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Gaius Tullius Valerianus Germanicus Augur Consul omnibus in his foris S.P.D.



Salvete omnes! Welcome once again to the Roman Virtues Project - an
ongoing exploration and discussion of the Roman virtues and what it means
to be Roman, undertaken by the citizens and prospective citizens of Nova
Roma! I intend to post a new topic in the Roman Virtue Project on or around
the market day once every nundinal period (check the fasti at
http://novaroma.org/nr/Fasti_MMDCCLXV if you're not sure when the next
nundina is)

Roman Virtue: *Prudentia*

Our website says of *Prudentia*: "Prudence" Foresight, wisdom, and personal
discretion.

The Oxford Latin Dictionary defines Humanitas as it relates to Roman virtue
thus:
"1. Practical understanding or wisdom, sagacity, *b.* (as a cosmic or
divine force) intelligence, providence
2. Proficiency (in a particular field), practical grasp
3. Foreknowledge"
So what does this mean for us as Nova Romans today?

"*Prudentia*" gives us the English word "prudence," of course, meaning
roughly "wisdom." Can being wise be a virtue? The Romans apparently thought
so . . . .

Despite frequent depictions of the Romans as "doers" rather than
"thinkers," people of action who didn't value thought or philosophy, we
know that that image is simply not the whole story. The Romans valued
knowledge, expertise, and wisdom. While there were occasional strains of
anti-intellectualism in their society, as in the modern United States, such
strains tended to be a minority. Yes, the Romans valued knowledge and
wisdom. And to some extent, that is the virtue of *prudentia - *the virtue
of valuing education, knowledge, wisdom, and thinking.

We can see the way the Romans valued experience in the Roman idea of
the *cursus honorum - *the idea that one prepared to hold great offices by
holding lesser offices first. No Roman can simply vault straight to the top
(as one theoretically could in the United States, for example). One must
work one's way up, over years, Being "doers," the Romans valued
*practical *experience,
certainly - the knowledge of *how to do things. *And Romans value those who
think before they speak, and think before they act. That is always a large
part of what is meant by *prudentia - *thinking things out beforehand,
planning, having foresight if not foreknowledge, so that when action is
finally taken it is smooth and looks effortless. It calls to mind the quote
about the legions finding "drills bloodless battles, and battles bloody
drills."

What are your thoughts on *prudentia*? Who are the paragons and
exemplars of *prudentia* from Roma Antiqua and Nova Roma? I look forward to
hearing your ideas!

Data Phoenice a.d. VIII Kalendas Octobres anno A.U.C. MMDCCLXV (Cn. Caesare
C. Tullio consulibus)

Sent from Phoenix September 24th, in the year from the founding of the city
2765 (in the consulship of Cn. Caesar and C. Tullius)


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I just found a chapter in M.L. Clarke's *The Roman Mind *entitled
"Humanitas" (chapter 12). In this chapter, Clarke examines the Roman
concept of *Humanitas, *and much of what he says is somewhat relevant to
our discussion about the Roman virtue. Some points condensed from the
chapter:

* The Roman *humanitas *was said (by a combination of readings from Aulus
Gellius and Cicero) to encompass the Greek concepts of both
*philanthropia *("and
adaptability and general goodwill towards men") and *paideia *("learning
and education in the liberal arts").

* The aspect of *humanitas *regarding education may initially seem
puzzling, but remember that education was revered for its primarily *civilizing
*influence on peoples - a person with *humanitas *is *civilized, *above
all, a proper human being, not a beast. Hence we continue, in English, to
refer to education in the liberal arts as "humanities" (my M.A.T. degree is
in "Latin and Classical Humanities"). To quote Clarke: "Cicero regarded
education as having an effect on the character; the liberal arts civilized
a man and made him into a true man. Even the most evil character could be
humanized by education. A human man in one sense should be humane in the
other. 'It is the part not only of a great man and one by nature temperate,
but also of one educated in learning and liberal studies, to wield the
great power he has in such a way that those under him want no other rule.'
Humanism implies humaneness."

* *Humanitas, *then, implies civilization, kindliness, and learning. "*
Humanitas* is joined with *clementia *and *mansuetudo; *it is contrasted
with *severitas. *The word implies tolerance, politeness, easy manners and
the social graces generally; witty and polished conversation"

Food for thought . . .
Gaius Tullius Valerianus

Augur of Nova Roma
Lictor Curiatus of Nova Roma
Consul of Nova Roma
Praefectus of Arizona Australis


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Salvete FYI Valete Ti. Galerius Paulinus
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Reminder from:		Nova-Roma Yahoo! Group
Title:		Kalends
Date:		Monday October 1, 2012
Time:		12:00 am - 12:00 am
Notes:		Every Kalends is sacred to Juno "Be well, Queen Juno, look down and preserve us. Accept this offering of incense and look kindly and favorably upon me and the Senate and people of Nova Roma." (Incense is placed in focus) "Queen Juno, in addition to my virtuous offering of incense, be honored by this offering of wine that I pour in libation. May you look kindly and favorably upon the Senate and people of Nova Roma." (Libation is poured for the Goddess)
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